{"id":118119,"date":"2022-04-20T12:37:50","date_gmt":"2022-04-20T07:07:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/?p=118119"},"modified":"2022-04-20T12:37:50","modified_gmt":"2022-04-20T07:07:50","slug":"chapter-8-social-movements-questions-and-answers-ncert-solutions-for-class-12-sociology-social-change-and-development-in-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/education\/chapter-8-social-movements-questions-and-answers-ncert-solutions-for-class-12-sociology-social-change-and-development-in-india","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 8 – Social Movements Questions and Answers: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sociology: (Social Change and Development in India)"},"content":{"rendered":"

1.Write short notes on:<\/h2>\n

Ans. (i) Women\u2019s Movement: Early 20th Century saw the growth of women\u2019s organisations
\nsuch as \u2018Women\u2019s India Association (WLA) (1917)\u2019 All India Women\u2019s Conference (AIWC) (1926), \u2018National Council for Women in India (NEWI) (1925)\u2019. While many of them began with a limited focus, their scope extended overtime.
\nIt is often assumed that only middle class educated women were involved in social movements.
\nBut part of the struggle is to remember the forgotten history of women\u2019s participation. Women participated alongwith men in struggles and revolt originated in tribal and rural areas in colonial period. Thus, not only urban women but also rural and tribal women participated in political agitations struggles, gradually empowering themselves. The mid 1970s saw the second phase of Indian women\u2019s movement. There was growth of autonomous women\u2019s movement, i.e., < They were independent from political parties as well as women\u2019s organisations that had links with political parties.
\nEducated women took radical active politics. Simultaneously promoted an analysis of women\u2019s movement. New issues were now being focused upon such as violence against women, application for schools forms had both father\u2019s and mother\u2019s name: legal changes such as land rights, employment, rights against sexual harassment and dowry. Mathura rape case (1978), Maya Tyagi rape case (1980) Both were custodial rape.
\nHence, it was also recognised that in women\u2019s movements, there is bound to be disparity because women belong to different classes and thus their needs and concerns are bound to be different.
\n(ii) Tribal Movements: Most of the tribal movements have been largely located in the so called \u201ctribal belt\u201d in middle India, such as the Santhals, Hos Oraons, Mundas in Chota Nagpur and the Santhal Parganas.
\nThe social movement of Jharkhand had a charismatic leader in Birsa Munda, an adivasi who led a major uprising against the British.
\nHis memory has still been kept alive has continued to be a source of inspiration for generation.
\nAn educated middle class among the tribals was created by the Western education given by Christian missionaries. This education class developed the ethnic consciousness \u2013 awareness of their identity culture and customs. A sense of marginalisation brought together the tribal population of South Bihar. They identified their common enemies \u2013 dikus\u2014migrant traders, money lenders. The adivasis in senior government jobs provided organisational intellectual leadership to the movement and negotiated and labbied for the creation of their own state on the following issues\u2014acquisition of land for large irrigation projects; survey and settlement operations, which were held up, camps closed, etc; collection of loans, rent and cooperative dues; nationalisation of forest produce.
\nAs far as the NE tribes were concerned, main issue taken up were \u2013 ascertain distinct tribal identity of the region; demanding of the traditional autonomy of tribes; misunderstanding & lack of communication in Indian mainstream society which needs to be bridged;
\n\u2022Rights of the tribes to maintain their own social cultural institutions along with a connection with the rest of the India;
\n\u2022Anger oFtribes because of the loss of their forest lands.
\nThus, tribal movements are good examples of social movements, which incorporates many issues \u2013 economic, cultural, ecological.
\nEarlier many tribal regions of NE, showed tendencies of separating from India but today they have adopted a balanced approach of asking for autonomy with the framework of Indian institution.<\/h3>\n

2.In India, it is difficult to make a .clear distinction between the old and new social movements. Discuss.<\/h2>\n

Ans. Old Social Movements
\n\u2022Class based \u2013 united to fight for rights.
\n\u2022Anti-colonial movements.
\n\u2022 Nationalist movement united people into national e.g., liberation struggle.
\n\u2022Movement against colonialism.
\n\u2022Nationalist movement mobilied against rule of foreign power and dominance of foreign capital.
\n\u2022Mainly concerned with struggles between haves and havenots. Key issue is reorganisation of power relations, i.e. capturing power & transferring it from powerful to powerless, e.g. Workers were mobilised towards capitalists; Women\u2019s struggle against male domination.
\n\u2022Worked under guidance & organisational framework of political parties, eg. Indian National Congress led the Indian National movement; Communist Party of China led the Chinese Revolution.
\n\u2022Role of political parties was central and poor people had no other effective means to get their voices heard.
\n\u2022Concerned about social inequality and unequal distribution of resources -important elements.
\nNew Social Movements
\n\u2022Decades after Second World War- 1960s and early 1970s
\n\u2022Take up not just narrow class issues but broad, universal themes, which involved a broad social group irrespective of their class.
\n\u2022Vietnam were forces led by US bloody conflict.
\n\u2022Paris \u2013 Vibrant student\u2019s movement joined worker\u2019s parties in a series of strikes
\nprotesting against the war.
\n\u2022USA was experiencing a sure of social protests. Civil rights movement was led by Martin Luther King.
\n\u2022Black powers movement led by Malcolm X.
\n\u2022Women\u2019s movement, environmental movement.
\n\u2022No longer focus on redistribution of power rather are more concerned with improving the quality of life. eg. Right to education, clean environment.
\n\u2022No longer confine themselves within political parties. Instead started joining civil society movements and forming NGOs because they are supposed to be more efficient, less corrupt and less autocratic
\n\u2022Globalization \u2013 reshaping people\u2019s lines, culture, media Firms \u2013 transnational. Legal arrangements \u2013 international.
\nTherefore, many new social movements are international in scope.
\n\u2022Essential elements \u2013 Identity politics, cultural anxieties and aspirations.<\/h3>\n

3.Environmental movements often also contain economic and identity issues. Discuss.<\/h2>\n

Ans. The Chipko movement is a suitable example of an ecological or environmental movements. It is an appropriate example of intermingled interests and ideologies. Ramchandra Guha says in his book Unquiet Woods that villagers came together to save the oak and rhododendron forests near their villages. The government forest contractors came to fell the trees but the villagers, including large number of women, came forward to hug the trees to check their being felled. The villagers relied on the forest to get firewood, fodder and other daily requirements. It was a conflict between livelihood needs of poor villagers and government\u2019s desire to make revenue from selling timber.
\nChipko movement raised the issue of ecological sustainability. Felling down natural forests was a form of environmental destruction which resulted in demonstrating floods and landslides in the area. Therefore, concerns about economy, ecology and political representation underlay the Chipko movement.<\/h3>\n

4.Distinguish between Feasant and New Farmer\u2019s Movements.<\/h2>\n

Ans. (i) Peasant movements have taken place from pre-colonial days. The movement took place between 1858 and 1914 remained localised, disjointed and confined to particular grievances. The well known movement are:
\n\u2022Bengal Revolt of 1859 \u2013 62 against the indigo plantation system.
\n\u2022Deccan Riots of 1857 against money lenders.
\n\u2022The Bardoli Satyagraha \u2013 1928 was a non tax campaign started by Gandhi.
\n\u2022Champaran Satyagraha 1917-18. It was directed against indigo plantations.
\n\u2022Tebhaga movement (1946-47)
\n\u2022Telangana movement (1946-51)
\n(ii) New farmer\u2019s movement started in 1970s in Punjab and Tamil Nadu. Main Characteristics:
\n\u2022Movements were regionally organised.
\n\u2022Movements were non-party.
\n\u2022Movements involved farmers rather than peasants.
\n\u2022Main ideology- Strongly anti-state and anti-urban
\n\u2022Focus of demand \u2013 Price related issues.<\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Class 12 Sociology: (Social Change and Development in India) NCERT book solutions for Chapter 8 – Social Movements Questions and Answers.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21830,"featured_media":118085,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-118119","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-education"},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/118119","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/21830"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=118119"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/118119\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":118120,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/118119\/revisions\/118120"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/118085"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=118119"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=118119"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=118119"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}