{"id":118130,"date":"2022-04-20T13:04:13","date_gmt":"2022-04-20T07:34:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/?p=118130"},"modified":"2022-04-20T13:04:13","modified_gmt":"2022-04-20T07:34:13","slug":"chapter-2-self-and-personality-questions-and-answers-ncert-solutions-for-class-12-psychology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/education\/chapter-2-self-and-personality-questions-and-answers-ncert-solutions-for-class-12-psychology","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 2 – Self And Personality Questions and Answers: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Psychology"},"content":{"rendered":"

1.What is self? How does the Indian notion of self differ from the Western notion?<\/h2>\n

Ans. Self is an organized cognitive structure. It can be understood in terms of subject and object or I and Me. It refers to the totality of one\u2019s conscious thoughts, and feelings which pertain to one\u2019s own self. .
\nIndian Concept of Self
\n\u2022Self is characterized by the shifting nature of the boundaries.
\n\u2022The Indian view does not make rigid dichotomies.
\n\u2022It is based on collectivistic Indian society.
\nWestern Concept of Self
\n\u2022The boundaries between self and the group are rigid.
\n\u2022It holds clear dichotomies between self and group.
\n\u2022It is based on individualistic society of the West.<\/h3>\n

2. What is meant by delay of gratification? Why is it considered important for adult development?<\/h2>\n

Ans. (i) Learning to delay or defer from gratification of needs is called self-control. It emerges from self-regulation.
\n(ii)Self-regulation is behavioural component of self.
\n(iii)It refers to an ability to organize and monitor ones own behaviour. People who can change their behaviour according to the demands of the external environment are high on self-monitoring.
\n(iv)Self-regulation leads to self-control.
\n(v)It plays a key role in fulfilment of long-term goals.
\n(vi)Indian culture provides us effective mechanisms like fasting (vrata or roza) and non-attachment with worldly things to develop self-control.
\n(vii)It is ones ability to say \u2018No\u2019.
\nPsychological techniques to develop self-control are:
\n(a)Observation of Own Behaviour: it provides us with necessary information that may be used to change, modify, or strengthen certain concepts of self. \u2018
\n(b)Self-instruction: We often instruct ourselves to do something and behave the way we want.
\n(c)Self-reinforcement: It involves rewarding behaviours that have pleasant outcomes (like going to see a-movie with friends if we do well in exams).
\n\u2014 Self-control is important for the development of mature personality. This is the reason that all cultures emphasise the self-control. It helps in the fulfilment of long-term goals. Indian cultural tradition provide us with certain effective mechanisms, e.g., fasting in varta or roja and know attachment with worldly things for developing self-control.
\n\u2014 Self-control is also important for effective functioning of social network.<\/h3>\n

3. How do you define personality? What are the main approaches to the study of personality?<\/h2>\n

Ans. The word \u2018personality\u2019 is derived from the Latin word \u2018persona\u2019, which means a mask or false face which Greek actors used to wear when acting on stage. According to Gordon Allport \u201cPersonality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychological systems thqt determine his unique adjustments to his environment.\u201d
\nOne of the major approaches to understanding personality was to develop theories on what it was. There are many broad personality theories, which can be grouped into four categories: \u2013
\n(i)Dynamic approaches, which emphasize on-going interaction among motives, impulses and psychological processes.
\n(ii)Type and train approaches, which focus on people\u2019s characteristics, stubbornness, shyness and so forth and how these characteristics are organized into systems.
\n(iii)Humanistic approaches, which emphasize the self and the importance of the individual\u2019s subjective view of the world.
\n(iv) Learning and behavioural approaches, which emphasize the way habits are acquired through basic learning process.<\/h3>\n

4. What is trait approach to personality? How does it differ from type approach?<\/h2>\n

Ans. Trait approach psychologists explain personality on the basis of specific psychological characteristics.
\nType approach psychologists believe that personality can be classified into broad categories.
\nTraits are relatively stable, persistent and characteristic patterns of behaviour which makes the individual different from others.
\n(i)These are overlapping, i.e., inclusive in nature.
\n(ii)Traits are specific psychological characteristics, e.g., shy or timid.
\nTypes are cluster of similar traits.
\n(i)These are broad categories. .
\n(ii)These do not overlap, i.e., exclusive in nature, e.g., extrovert or introvert.<\/h3>\n

5. How does Freud explain the structure of personality?<\/h2>\n

Ans. The Id:
\n(i) The Id is the original source of personality, present in the newborn infant, from which the ego and super ego later develop.
\n(ii) It consists of everything that is inherited, including the instinctual drives\u2014sex and
\naggression.
\n(iii) It is closely linked to the biological processes and provides the energy source\u2014the libido for the operation of all three systems.
\n(iv) It is totally unconscious and works on pleasure principles regardless of any,external potential costs of seeking the gratification of impulses.
\nThe Ego:
\n(i) The ego develops out of Id because of the necessity for dealing with the real world. The ego\u2019s task is to hold the Id in check until conditions allows for satisfaction of its impulses.
\n(ii) It operates on reality principles. For example, a hungry man would want to have food at any cost due to id impulses, but it is the ego which delays tl\u2019 i hunger impulse until the appropriate conditions are found.
\n(iii)The ego is essentially the executive of the personality. It keeps a person working for a living, getting along with people and generally adjusting to the realities of life.
\n(iv) Ego mediates between the demands of id, the realities of the world and the demands of the super ego.
\nThe Super Ego:
\n(i)It is related to the values and morals of the society as taught to us by our parents and others. It works according to social norms.
\n(ii)It is concerned with morality\u2014whether various ways that could satisfy id impulses are right or wrong.
\nThe main functions of the super ego are:
\n(i) To inhibit the unacceptable impulses of Id such as sex and aggression.
\n(ii)Freud assumed that Id is energised by two instinctual forces, called life instinct and death instinct. Life instinct is individuals, tendency to construct whereas death instinct is for the destruction. According to Freud, life instinct is more dominant among human beings.
\nAccording to Freud, the instinctual life force that energises the Id is called Libido.
\nIt works on the pleasure principle, and seeks immediate gratification. It is source of energy.<\/h3>\n

6. How would Horney\u2019s explanation of depression be different from that of Alfred Adler?<\/h2>\n

Ans. While Karen Horney focuses more on interpersonal relationships during childhood, Alfred gives greater importance to personal goals of an individual.
\nThere are, in my opinion, Horney would attribute the cause of depression to parental relations with children which are characterized by excessive interference or indifference. Deep anxiety would result from the behaviour rewards the child which, if is erratic, indifferent and discouraging feelings of isolation and helplessness will also emerge. Alfred Adler would, on the other hand, attribute depression to the feeling of inadequacy and guilt arising within the individual, due to the inability to achieve his\/her personal goals. These goals provide an individual with security and are important in overcoming feelings of inadequacy. If individual is not able to attain the goals and could not overcome inferiority appropriately then it leads to depression.<\/h3>\n

7. What is the main proposition of humanistic approach to personality? What did Maslow mean by self-actualization?<\/h2>\n

Ans. Humanistic theories emphasise personal responsibility and innovate tendencies toward personal growth. They focus on the importance of people\u2019s subjective attitudes, feelings and beliefs especially with regard to the self.
\n\u2022According to humanistic approach, we human beings are most creative, growing, fully functioning and self-actualizing people.
\n\u2022Fully functioning persons, according to Rogers theory, psychologically healthy persons who live life to the fullest.
\n\u2022They live in the here and now and trust their own feelings. They are sensitive to the needs of others but they do not allow society\u2019s standards to shape their feelings or actions to an excessive degree.
\n\u2022Rogers suggests that each individual has a concept of ideal self. If there is discrepancy between real self and ideal self then individual develops maladjustment.
\n\u2022Rogers proposed two basic assumptions:
\n(a)Human behaviour is goal-directed and worthwhile.
\n(b)People always choose adaptive and self-actualizing behaviour.
\n\u2022Rogers believed that many individuals fail to become fully functioning persons because they grow up in an atmosphere of conditional positive regard and develop distorted self-concept# which interferes with personal growth. Such people fail to self-actualise.
\n\u2022All human beings desire unconditional positive regard, freedom of choice and feeling of fulfilment for attainment of self-actualization.
\n\u2022Humanistic theories don\u2019t deny the importance of past experience but they generally focus on the present.
\nMaslow\u2019s Contribution to Humanistic Approach
\nMaslow\u2019s Self-Actualization
\n\u2022It is a state which people have reached their own fullest potential.
\n\u2022He had an optimistic view of man who has potentialities for love, joy and creative work.
\n\u2022According to him, human beings are free to shape their lives and to self-actualise.<\/h3>\n

8. Discuss the main observational methods used in personality assessment. What problems do we face in using these methods?<\/h2>\n

Ans. \u2022 Observational method is a very powerful tool of psychological enquiry. It is an effective method of describing behaviour.
\n\u2022A scientific observation differs from day-to-day observation in many respects,
\n(i)Selection: Psychologists do not observe all the behaviour that they encounter. Rather, they select a particular behaviour for observation.
\n(ii)Recording: While observing, a researcher records the selected behaviour using different means, such as marking tallies for the already identified behaviour whenever they occur, taking notes describing each activity in greater detail using short hand or symbols, photographs, video recording, etc.
\n(iii)After the observations have been made, psychologists analyse whatever they have recorded with a view to derive some meaning out of it.
\n(iv)Observation is a skill. A good observation is a skill. A good observer knows what he\/she is looking for, w\u2019hom he\/she wants to observe, when and where the observation needs to be made.
\n\u2022Observation can be of the following types :
\n(a) Non-Participant vs. Participant Observation:
\n1.Non-participant observation
\n(i)To observe the person or event from a distance.
\n(ii)The observer may become part of the group being observed.
\n(iii)In the first case, the person being observed may not be aware that he\/she is
\nbeing observed. For example, you want to observe the pattern of interaction between teachers and students in a particular class. .
\n(iv) Install a video camera to record the classroom activities, which you can see later and analyse. Alternatively, you may decide to sit in a corner of the class without interfering or participating in their everyday activities. This type of observation is called non-participant observation.
\n2. Participant observation
\n(i)In participant observation, the observer becomes a part of the school or the group of people being observed.
\n(ii)the observer takes some time to establish a rapport with the group so that they start accepting him\/her as one of the group members.
\n(iii)the degree of involvement of the observer with the group being observed would vary depending upon the focus of the study.
\nThe advantage of the observation method is that it enables the researcher to study people and their behaviour in a naturalistic situation, as it occurs. However, the observation method is labour-intensive, time-consuming, and is susceptible to the observer\u2019s bias. Our observation is influenced by our values and beliefs about the person or the event.<\/h3>\n

9. What is meant by structured personality tests? Which are the two most widely used structured personality tests?<\/h2>\n

Ans. Structured personality tests are self-report measures that have the following features:
\n\u2022Questions are direct and structured.
\n\u2022They are called self-report because the examinee has to respond objectively to the items of the measure and his\/her response are accepted as they are.
\n\u2022They are objective in nature and they deal with the present state of mind.
\n\u2014 Self-report measures use inventories and questionnaires to assess conscious part of personality.
\n\u2014 Goal of the test may be revealed.
\n\u2014 These tests assess only conscious part of personality
\n\u2022Their results depend on motivation and emotional state of the examinee; they are
\nnon-projective and direct inferences are made. _
\nSome of the self-report measures are:
\n1.Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ): This test was developed by Eysenck to assess two basic dimensions of personality namely introverted\u2014extroversion and emotionally stable\u2014emotionally unstable (Neuroticism).
\n2.MMPI: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. This test was developed by Hathaway and Mckinely.
\n\u2022It has been found very effective in detecting psycho-pathology like hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria etc.
\n\u2022The test is divided into 10 sub scales. This test helps in clinical diagnosis of various mental disorders like hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, etc.
\n\u2022It has two sets\u2019MMPI-I and MMPI-II. Now-a-days, MMPI-II is being used.
\n\u2022It has 567 items in the form of affirmative statements. The subject judges each item \u2018statements\u2019 as true or false.
\n\u2022MMPI is one of the very good tests for clinical purposes (diagnosis).
\n\u2022Indian version of MMPI is also available named as Jodhpur Multiphasic Personality Inventory (JMPI) by Malik and Joshi.
\n16-PF Questionnaire
\n\u2022It is developed by Cattell.
\n\u2022It identifies large set of personality descriptions\u2014subjected to factor analysis to identify basic personality structure.
\n\u2022Subject responds to situation by choosing from alternatives.
\n\u2022This test is being used with high school level students in India for career guidance
\nand counselling. \u2018
\nProblems Faced by self-report Measures
\n\u2022Social Desirability: It is a tendency on part of the respondent to endorse items in a socially desirable manner.
\n\u2022Acquiescence: It is a tendency of the subject to agree with items\/questions irrespective of contents.
\n\u2022Testing and understanding personality require great skill and training.
\n\u2022People become self-aware and conscious, hesitate to share thoughts and feelings and motivation. If they do it, it is done in a socially desirable manner. So, the real personality characteristics are not manifested.<\/h3>\n

10. State in common features of projective techniques. Describe anyone projective technique.
\nOr
\nExplain how projective techniques assess personality. Which projective tests of personality are widely used by psychologists?<\/h2>\n

Ans. \u2022Projective tests of personality are widely used by psychologists.
\n\u2022Projective techniques are most\u00a0indirect method\u00a0to assess personality.
\n\u2022Psycho analytic theory proposed that behaviour is also determined by unconscious forces.
\n\u2022The projective techniques were developed to assess unconscious motives and feelings.
\n\u2014 The stimulus material is relative or fully unstructured and poorly defined.
\n\u2014 The person being assessed is usually not told the purpose and the method of scoring and interpretation before the administration of test. \u2014 The person is informed that there are no right or wrong responses.
\n\u2014 Each response is considered to reveal a true and significant aspect of personality.
\n\u2014 The scoring and interpretation in projective assessment are lengthy and subjective.
\nProjective Techniques
\n\u2014 Developed to assess unconscious motives, feelings and conflicts.
\n\u2014 A less structured or unstructured stimulus or situation will allow the individual to project his\/her feelings, desires and needs on to that situation,
\n\u2014 Projections are interpreted by experts.
\n\u2014 Cannot be scored objectively, require qualitative analysis for which a rigorous training is needed.
\n1.The Rorschach Inkblot Test (Hermann Rorschach)
\n\u2022Consists of 10 inkblots\u20145 black and white, 2 with red ink, 3 in pastel colours.
\n\u2022Blots are symmetrical in design with a specific shape or form, made by dropping ink on a piece of paper and then folding the paper in half (hence called inkblot test).
\n\u2022The cards are administered individually in two phases:
\n\u2014Performance proper: The subjects are shown the cards and are asked to tell what they see in each of them.
\n\u2014Inquiry: A detailed report of the response is prepared by asking the subject to tell where, how, and on what basis was a particular response made.
\n\u2022Fine judgment is necessary to place the subject\u2019s responses in a meaningful context. Use and interpretation of this test requires extensive training
\n2. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Morgan and Murray
\n\u2022This test consists of 30 black and white picture cards and one blank card\u2014each picture card depicts one or more people in a variety of situations.
\n\u2022 Some cards are used specifically with adult males or females, boys or girls\u2014have been modified for the children and the aged.
\n\u2022The cards are presented one at a time and the subject is asked to tell a story describing the situation presented in the picture\u2014what led up to the situation, what is happening at the moment, what will happen in the future, what the characters are feeling and thinking?
\n\u2022Uma Chaudhury\u2019s Indian adaptation of TAT is also available.
\n3.Rosenzweig\u2019s Picture-Frustration Study (P-F Study)
\n\u2022 This study assesses how people express aggression in the face of a frustrating situation.
\n\u2022Presents with the help of cartoon-like pictures a series of situations in which one person frustrates another, or calls attention to a frustrating condition.
\n\u2022The subject is asked to tell what the other (frustrated) person will say or do.
\n\u2022The analysis of responses is based on the type and direction of aggression\u2014examine whether the focus is on the frustrating object (environment), or on protection of the frustrated person (oneself), or on constructive solution of the problem.
\n\u2022Pareek has adapted this test for the Indian population
\n4. Sentence Completion Test
\n\u2022This test makes use of a number of incomplete sentences\u2014the starting part of the sentence is first presented and the subject has to provide an ending to the sentence.
\n\u2022The type of endings used by the subjects reflect their attitudes, motivation and conflicts.
\n\u2022The test provides subjects with several opportunities to reveal their underlying unconscious motivations.
\n5. Draw-a-Person Test
\n\u2022In this test, the subject is asked to draw a person on a sheet of paper and then a figure of an opposite sex person.
\n\u2022Finally, the subject is asked to make a story about the person as if he\/she was a character in a novel or play.
\n\u2022Some examples of interpretations are as follows:
\n\u2014 Omission of facial features suggests that the person tries to evade a highly conflict-ridden interpersonal relationships.
\n\u2014 Graphic emphasis on the neck suggests lack of control over impulses.
\n\u2014 Disproportionately large head suggests organic brain disease and pre-occupation with headaches. ..
\nLimitations
\n\u2022Interpretation of the responses requires sophisticated skills and specialized training.
\n\u2022There are problems associated with the reliability of scoring and validity of interpretations.<\/h3>\n

11. Arihant wants to become a singer even though he belongs to a family of doctors. Though his family members claim to love him but strongly disapprove his choice of career. Using Carl Rogers\u2019 terminology, describe the attitudes shown by Arihant\u2019s family.<\/h2>\n

Ans. Arihant wants to become a singer even though he belongs to a family of doctors. His family \u2018claims\u2019 to love him, but disapproves of his choice of career.
\nThis fact warrants my attention towards an important terminology given by Carl Rogers, i.e., unconditional positive regard.
\nAs the desire of Arihant to become a singer is contradicted by his family, it results in a situation of negative social conditions which will reduce his level of self-concept and self\u00acesteem.
\nHis inability to fulfil his goal will prevent him from becoming a \u2018fully functioning person\u2019. Moreover, his conception of an \u2018ideal self involves him being a singer, while his \u2018real self is not one due to familial pressure. This discrepancy between the real and ideal self results in dissatisfaction and unhappiness.
\nThe provision of unconditional positive regard which includes empathy, love and warmth irrespective of other factors is necessary for Arihant.<\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Class 12 Psychology NCERT book solutions for Chapter 2 – Self And Personality Questions and Answers.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21830,"featured_media":118123,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-118130","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-education"},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/118130","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/21830"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=118130"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/118130\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":118131,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/118130\/revisions\/118131"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/118123"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=118130"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=118130"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=118130"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}