{"id":118136,"date":"2022-04-20T13:23:01","date_gmt":"2022-04-20T07:53:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/?p=118136"},"modified":"2022-04-20T13:23:01","modified_gmt":"2022-04-20T07:53:01","slug":"chapter-4-psychological-disorders-questions-and-answers-ncert-solutions-for-class-12-psychology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/education\/chapter-4-psychological-disorders-questions-and-answers-ncert-solutions-for-class-12-psychology","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 4 – Psychological Disorders Questions and Answers: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Psychology"},"content":{"rendered":"

1. Identify the symptoms associated with depression and mania.<\/h2>\n

Ans. Depression and Mania are mood disorders. These are characterized by disturbances in mood or prolonged maladaptive emotional state.
\nThe main types of mood disorders include:
\n1. Major Depression disorders 2. Mania 3. Biopolar Disorders
\nDepression may get manifested as a symptom of a disorder or a major disorder in itself. 1. Major depressive disorders, are defined as a period of depressed mood and\/or loss of interest or pleasure in most activities, together with other symptoms which may include.
\nSymptoms of Depression:
\n\u2022Loss of energy, great fatigue.
\n\u2022Change in body weight,
\n\u2022Constant sleep problems.
\n\u2022Tiredness.
\n\u2022Inability to think clearly.
\n\u2022Agitation
\n\u2022Greatly slowed behaviour.
\n\u2022Thoughts of death and suicide.
\n\u2022Breakup in relationship.
\n\u2022Negative self-concept.
\n\u2022No interest in pleasurable activities.
\n\u2022Other symptoms include excessive quilt or feelings of worthlessness.
\nFactors Predisposing towards Depression:
\n\u2022Genetic make-up
\nHeredity is an Important risk factor for major depression and bipolar disorders.
\n\u2022Age is also a risk factor. For instance, women are particularly at risk during young adulthood, while for men the risk is highest in early middle age.
\n\u2022Gender also plays a great role in this differential risk addition. For example, women in comparison to men are more likely to report a depressive disorder.
\n\u2022Situational factors like negative life event, lack of social support and not able to live up to expectations etc. are few examples.
\n2. Mania:
\nSymptoms of mania.
\n\u2022Increase in activity level.
\n\u2022Euphoric.
\n\u2022Excessively talkative
\n\u2022Easily distracted.
\n\u2022Impulsive.
\n\u2022Less than usual amount of sleep.
\n\u2022Inflated self esteem.
\n\u2022Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities.
\n3.Biopolar Disorders:
\nMood disorder, in which both mania and depression are alternately present, is sometimes interrupted by periods of normal mood. This is known as bipolar mood disorder. (Bipolar mood disorders were earlier referred to as manicdepressive disorders.)
\n\u2022It is cyclic in nature.
\n\u2022In bipolar disorders, depression alternates with periods of mania, and shows behaviour that is quite opposite to depression.
\n\u2022In the manic state, the individual turns megalomaniac. Person develops grandiose cognitions and doesn\u2019t consider the negative consequences before acting on these grandiose plans.
\n\u2022Speech is often rapid, as if she has to say as many words as possible in the time allotted.
\n\u2022The risk of a suicide attempt is highest in ease of bipolar mood disorders.<\/h3>\n

2. Describe the characteristics of hyperactive children.<\/h2>\n

Ans. Achenbach has identified two factors in behavioural disorders:
\n\u2022Externalizing Factors
\n\u2022Internalizing Factors
\nThese disorders must manifest before the age of 18.
\nOn the basis of these two factors he classified children\u2019s disorders in two categories:
\n\u2022The externalizing disorders or undercontrolled emotions: Behaviours that are disruptive and often aggressive and aversive to others in the child\u2019s environment.
\n\u2022The Internalizing disorders or over-controlled emotions: Those conditions where the child experiences depression, anxiety, and discomfort that may not be evident to others.
\n1.Externalizing Disorders:
\n(a)Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
\n(b) Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD).
\n(c)Conduct Disorder.
\n(\u0430)Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD):
\nThe two main features of ADHD are:
\n(i) Inattention (ii) Hyperactivity-impulsivity.
\nInattention:
\n\u2022Children who are inattentive find it difficult to sustain mental effort during work or play.
\n\u2022They have a hard time keeping their minds on any one thing or in following instructions.
\nCommon complaints are that
\n\u2022The child does not listen, cannot concentrate, does not follow instructions, is disorganized, easily distracted forgetful, does not finish assignments, and is quick to lose interest in boring activities.
\n\u2022Children who are impulsive, unable to control their immediate reactions or to think before they act.
\n\u2022They find it difficult to wait or take turns, have difficulty resisting immediate temptations or delaying gratification.
\n\u2022 Minor mishaps such as knocking things are common whereas more serious accidents and injuries can also occur.
\n\u2022Hyperactivity also takes many forms. Children with ADHD are in constant notion. Sitting still for some time through a lesson is impossible for them.The child may fidget, squirm, climb and run around the room aimlessly.
\n\u2022Parents and teachers describe them as \u2018driven by a motor\u2019, always on the go, and talk a lot.
\n\u2022Boys are four times more prone for this diagnosis than girls.
\n(b)Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD):
\n\u2022 Age-inappropriate amounts of stubbornness,
\n\u2022Irritable, \u2022 Defiant, disobedient, and
\n\u2022Behave in a hostile manner.
\nUnlike ADHD, the rates of ODD in boys and girls are not very different.
\n(c) Conduct Disorder and Antisocial Behaviour refer to age-inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectation, societal norms, and the personal or property rights of other.
\nThe behaviours typical of conduct disorder include:
\n\u2022Aggressive actions that cause or threaten harm to people or animals,
\n\u2022Non-aggressive conduct that causes property damage,
\n\u2022Major dishonesty,
\n\u2022Theft and
\n\u2022Serious rule violations.
\nChildren show many different types of aggressive behaviour, as\u20141
\n\u2022Verbal aggression (i.e., name-calling, swearing),
\n\u2022Physical aggression (i.e., hitting, fighting),
\n\u2022Hostile aggression (i.e., directed at inflicting injury to others),
\n\u2022Proactive aggression (i.e., dominating and bullying others without provocation).
\n2. Internalizing disorders
\n(a)Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD) (b) Depression
\n(a) Separation anxiety disorder is an internalizing disorder unique to children. Its most prominent symptom is\u2014
\n\u2022Excessive anxiety or even panic experienced by children at being separated from their parents.
\n\u2022Have difficulty being in a room by themselves, going to school alone, are fearful of entering new situations, and cling to and shadow their parents\u2019 every move.
\n\u2022To avoid separation, children with SAD may fuss, scream, throw severe tantrums, or make suicidal gestures.
\n(b)Depression:
\n\u2022An infant may show sadness by being passive and unresponsive; a preschooler may appear withdrawn and inhibited;
\n3. a school-age child may be argumentative and combative; and a teenager\u00a0may express feelings of guilt and hopelessness.<\/h3>\n

3. What do you understand by substance abuse and dependence?<\/h2>\n

Ans. Disorders relating to maladaptive behaviours resulting from regular and consistent use of the substance involved are called substance abuse disorders.
\nThese disorders include problems associated with using and abusing such drugs as alcohol, cocaine and which alter the way people think, feel and behave.There are two sub-groups of substance-use disorders:
\n(a)Substance Dependence refers to intense craving for the substance to which the person is addicted.
\nThe person shows tolerance, withdrawal symptoms and compulsive drug taking. Tolerance means that the person has to use more and more of a substance to get the same effect.
\nWithdrawal refers to physical symptoms that occur when a person stops or cuts down on the use of a psychoactive substance, i.e., a substance that has the ability to change an individual\u2019s consciousness, mood and thinking processes.
\n(b)Substance Abuse refers to recurrent and significant adverse consequences related to the use of substances.
\nPeople, who regularly consume drugs, damage their family and social relationships, perform poorly at work, and create physical hazards.
\nSubstance abuse disorders are a joint result of physiological dependence and psychological dependence. Physiological dependence refers to withdrawal symptoms, i.e., the excessive dependence of the body on drugs. Psychological dependence, on the other hand, refers to the strong craving for a drug because of its pleasurable effects.
\nThe three most common forms of substance abuse:
\n\u2022Alcohol abuse and dependence \u2022 Heroin abuse and dependence
\n\u2022Cocaine abuse and dependence
\nAlcohol Abuse and Dependence:
\n\u2022People, who abuse alcohol, drink large amounts regularly and rely on it to help them face difficult situations.
\n\u2022Eventually, the drinking interferes with their social behaviour and ability to think and work.
\n\u2022For many people the pattern of alcohol abuse extends to dependence. That is . their bodies build up a tolerance for alcohol and they need to drink even greater amounts to feel its effects.
\n\u2022They also experience withdrawal responses when they stop drinking. Alcoholism destroys millions of families and careers.
\n\u2022Intoxicated drivers are responsible for many road accidents.
\n\u2022It also has serious effects in the children of persons with this disorder.
\n\u2022These children have higher rates of psychological problems. Particularly anxiety.
\n\u2022Depression phobias afid substance-related disorders.
\n\u2022Excessive drinking can seriously damage physical health. Some of the ill effects of alcohol can be been on health and psychological functioning.
\nHeroin Abuse and Dependence:
\n\u2022Heroin intake significantly interferes with social and occupational functioning.
\n\u2022Most abusers further develop a dependence on heroin, revolving their lives around the substance, building up a tolerance for it, and experiencing a withdrawal reaction when they stop taking it.
\n\u2022The most direct danger of heroin abuse is an overdose, which slows down the respiratory centres in the brain, almost paralyzing breathing, arid in many cases causing death.
\n\u2022Regular use of cocaine may lead to a pattern of abuse in which the person may be intoxicated throughout the day and function poorly in social relationships and at work.
\n\u2022It may also cause problem in short-term memory and attention.
\n\u2022Dependence may develop, so that cocaine dominates the person\u2019s life, more of the drug is needed to get the desired effects and stopping it results in feeling of depression, fatigue, sleep problems, irritability and anxiety.
\n\u2022Cocaine poses serious dangerous effects on psychological functioning and physical well-being.<\/h3>\n

4. Can distorted body image lead to eating disorders? Classify the various forms of it.<\/h2>\n

Ans. Term \u2018eating disorder\u2019 refers to serious disruption of the eating habit or the appetite manifested as distorted body image. The main types are:
\n\u2022Anorexia nervosa
\n\u2022Bulimia nervosa
\n\u2022Binge eating
\nIn anorexia nervosa, the individual has:
\n\u2022A distorted body image that leads him\/her to see himself\/herself as overweight.
\n\u2022Often refusing to eat, exercising compulsively and developing unusual habits such as refusing to eat in front of others.
\n\u2022Anorexic may loose large amounts of weight and even starve himself\/herself to death.
\nIn bulimia nervosa,
\n\u2022The individual may eat excessive amounts of food, then purge his\/her body of food by using medicines.such as laxatives or diuretics or by vomiting.
\n\u2022The person often feels disgusted and ashamed when She\/he binges and is relieved of tension and negative emotions after purging.
\nIn binge eating, there are frequent episodes of out-of-control eating.<\/h3>\n

5. \u201cPhysicians make diagnosis looking at a person\u2019s physical symptoms.\u201d How are psychological disorders diagnosed?<\/h2>\n

Ans. Psychological disorders are diagnosed on the basis of two classifications, i.e., DSM or IV and ICD-X.
\n\u2022Classification of psychological disorders consists of a list of categories of specific psychological disorders grouped into various classes on the basis of some shared characteristics.
\n\u2022International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) is classification of behavioural and mental disorders.
\n\u2022ICD-10 refers to international classification of diseases and its 10th revision is being used.
\n\u2022It is developed by WHO under one broad heading \u2018Mental Disorders\u2019 which is based on symptoms.<\/h3>\n

\u2022The American Psychiatric Association (APA) has published an official manual of psychological disorders:
\nThe Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, IVth Edition (DSM-IV).
\n\u2022It Evaluates the patient on five axes or dimensions rather than just one broad aspect of \u2018mental disorder\u2019.<\/h3>\n

\u2022These dimensions relate to biological, psychological, social and other aspects.
\nUses of Classification:
\n\u2022Classifications are useful because they enable psychologists, psychiatrists and social workers to communicate with each other about the disorders.
\n\u2022Helps in understanding the causes of psychological disorders and the processes involved in their development.
\n\u2022It helps in Clinical diagnosis.<\/h3>\n

6. Distinguish between obsessions and compulsions.<\/h2>\n

Ans. \u2022 Sometimes anxiety and tension are associated with obsessions\u2014persistent unwanted thoughts, impulses or ideas or compulsions\u2014seemingly irrational behaviours repeatedly carried out in a fixed, repetitive way.
\n\u2022People with obsessive-compulsive disorders find their obsessions or compulsions distressing and debilitating but feel unable.to stop them,
\n\u2022The compulsive actions are usually carried on to alleviate the anxiety caused by obsessions.
\nA person provoked with anxious thoughts may try to block them out by compulsively counting steps while walking. Another person obsessed with the idea that he is guilty or dirty, may wash his hands every few minutes, sometimes till the bleed.
\n\u2022The symptoms of OCD include a contamination \u2013 an obsession of contamination followed by washing or compulsive avoidance of the object. Shame and disgust and the feeling of being easily contaminated are common. Patients usually believe that the contamination is spread from object to object or person to person by the slightest contact.
\n(a)Pathological Doubt\u2014Obsession of doubt followed by the compulsion of checking. Patients have an obsessional self-doubt and are always feeling guilty about having forgotten something. The checking may involve multiple trips back \u2013 to the house to check the stove.
\n(b)Intrusive Thoughts\u2014repetitive thoughts of a sexual or aggressive act that is reprehensible to the patient. This is usually not followed by compulsions. .
\n(c)Symmetry\u2014he need for symmetry and precision, which can lead to a compulsion of slowness. Patients can literally take an hour to shave their faces or eat a meal.
\n(d)Other symptom patterns may include religions obsessions and compulsive hoardings as well as trichotillomania (compulsive half pulling) and nail-biting.<\/h3>\n

7. Can a long-standing pattern of deviant behaviour be considered abnormal? Elaborate.<\/h2>\n

Ans. \u2022 Abnormal behaviour is a relative term. It is a matter of degree. It is qualitative
\ndifference. There is no quantitative difference between normal and abnormal.
\n\u2022The word \u2018Abnormal\u2019 literally means away from the normal. It implies deviation from some clearly defined norms or standards.
\n\u2022Various Views to explain Abnormality:
\n1.Abnormality as Deviation from Social Norms:
\n\u2022Each society has social norms, which are stated or unstated rules for proper conduct. Behaviours, thoughts and emotions that break societal norms are called abnormal.
\n\u2022Behaviour violates social norms or threatens or makes anxious those observing it. Violation of norms makes abnormality a relative concept; various forms of unusual behavioural can be tolerated depending on the prevailing cultural norms. Yet this component is also at once too broad and too narrow.
\n\u2022A society\u2019s values may change over time. Serious questions have been raised about this definition.
\n\u2022It is based on the assumption that socially accepted behaviour is not abnormal, and that normality is nothing more than conformity to social norms.
\n\u2022This approach has major shortcomings and there are serious questions against this approach.
\n2. Abnormality in terms of Maladaptive Behaviour:
\n\u2022Recent approach views abnormal behaviour as maladaptive. Many psychologists believe that the best criterion for determining the normality of behaviour is not whether society accepts it but whether it facilitates the well-being of the individual and eventually of the group to which he\/she belongs.
\n\u2022Well-being is not simply maintenance and survival but also includes growth and fulfilment. Maladaptive behaviour refers to\u2014Behaviour that causes problems in life.
\n\u2014 It is inadequate reaction to the stressful situation.
\n\u2014 It ranges from relatively minor but troubling fears to severe distortions of reality.
\n3. Concept of four D\u2019s: Now-a-days many psychologists believe that if an individual\u2019s behaviour manifests significant deviance, distress, danger and dysfunction in his\/ her behavioural pattern, then it should be treated as abnormal.<\/h3>\n

8. While speaking in public, the patient changes topics frequently. Is this a positive or a negative symptom of schizophrenia? Describe the other symptoms and sub-types of schizophrenia.<\/h2>\n

Ans. While speaking in public, the patient changes topics frequently. This is a symptom of derailment. This is one of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia; is the descriptive term to a group of psychotic disorders in which personal, social and occupational functioning deteriorate as a result of disturbed thought processes, strong perceptions, unusual emotional states, and motor abnormalities. .
\nThe social and psychological causes of schizophrenia are tremendous, both to patients as well as to their families and society.
\nSymptoms of schizophrenia:
\n\u2022Positive Symptoms\u2014comprise excesses and provide reduction of distress in the patient. It comprises excesses of thought, emotion, and behaviour.
\n\u2022Negative Symptoms\u2014deficits of thought, emotion and behaviour.
\n\u2022 Psychomotor Symptoms.
\nPositive Symptoms of \u2019Pathological Excesses :
\n1.Disorganized Thinking and Speech:
\n\u2022People with schizophrenia may not be able to think logically, and may speak in peculiar ways.
\n\u2022Formal thought disorders can make communication extremely difficult.
\n\u2022It refers to problems in the organization of ideas and in speaking so that a listener can understand.
\n\u2022These include derailment, i.e., rapidly shifting from one topic to another so that the normal structure of thinking becomes illogical (loosening of association, derailed).
\n\u2022Inventing new words, phrases, i.e., neologism and persistent and inappropriate repetition of the same thoughts.
\n2.Delusion: It is a false belief that is firmly held on inadequate grounds. It is not affected by emotional argument, and has no basis in reality.
\n\u2022Delusion of Persecution: belief that they are being plotted against, spied on, slandered, threatened, attacked or deliberately victimized.
\n\u2022Delusions of Reference: in which they attach special and personal meaning to the actions of others or to objects and event. They believe that they can read others mind.
\n\u2022Delusions of Grandeur: people believe themselves to be specially empowered with supernatural powers.
\n\u2022Delusions of Control: they believe that their feelings, thoughts and actions are controlled by others.
\n3. Hallucinations: Perceptions that occur in the absence of external stimuli.
\n\u2022Auditory hallucinations are most common in schizophrenia. Patients hear sounds or voices that speak words, phrases and sentences directly to the patients (second person hallucination) or talk to one another referring to the patient as he\/she (third person hallucination).
\n\u2022Tactile hallucinations (i.e., forms of tingling, burning).
\n\u2022Somatic hallucinations (i.e., something happening inside the body such as a snake crawling inside one\u2019s stomach)
\n\u2022Visual hallucinations (i.e., vague perceptions of colour or distinct visions of people or objects).
\n\u2022Gustatory hallucinations (i.e., food or drink taste strange).
\n\u2022Olfactory hallucinations (i.e., smell of smoke).
\n4. Inappropriate Effect, i.e., emotions that are unsuited to the situation.
\nNegative symptoms are \u2018pathological deficits\u2019
\n\u2022Alogia\u2014poverty of speech, i.e., a reduction in speech and speech content.
\n\u2022Blunted effect\u2014reduced expression of emotions.
\n\u2022Flat effect\u2014no expression of emotions.
\n\u2022Avolition\u2014social withdrawal.
\nPsychomotor Symptoms:
\n\u2022Schizophrenics move less spontaneously or make odd gestures. These symptoms may take extreme forms known as catatonia.
\n\u2022Catatonic stupor: motionless and silent for long stretches of time.
\n\u2022Catatonic rigidity: maintaining a rigid, upright posture for hours.
\n\u2022Catatonic posturing: assuming awkward, bizarre positions for long periods.<\/h3>\n

9. What do you understand by the term \u2018dissociation\u2019? Discuss its various forms.(Delhi Board 2008, 2010)<\/h2>\n

Ans. \u2022 According to Freud, the anxiety and conflicts were believed to be converted into physical symptoms.
\n\u2022Dissociation can be viewed as severance of the connections between ideas and emotions.
\n\u2022Dissociation involves amnesia, feelings of unreality, estrangement, depersonalization and sometimes a loss or shift of identity.
\n\u2022Sudden temporary alterations of consciousness that blot out painful experiences are a defining characteristic of dissociative disorders.
\nFour conditions are included in this group\u2014Dissociative amnesia, Dissociative
\nfugue, disseminative identity disorder and depersonalization.
\n1. Dissociative Amnesia: is characterized by extensive but selective memory loss that has no organic cause (e.g., head injury). Some people cannot remember anything about their past. Others can no longer recall specific events, people, places, or objects, while their memory for other events remains intact.
\n\u2022 This disorder is often associated with an over-whelming stress.
\n2. Dissociative Fugue:
\nSymptoms:
\n\u2022Unexpected travel away from home or workplace.
\n\u2022The assumption of a new identity.
\n\u2022Inability to recall the previous identity.
\n\u2022The fugue usually ends when the person suddenly \u2018wakes up\u2019 with no memory of the events that occurred during the fugue.
\n3. Dissociative identity disorder, often referred to as multiple personality, is the most dramatic of the dissociative disorders.
\n\u2022It is often associated with traumatic experiences in childhood.
\n\u2022The person assumes alternate personalities that may or may not be aware of each other.
\n4. Depersonalization involves a dreamlike state in which the person has a sense of being separated both from self and from reality.
\n\u2022In depersonalization, there is a change of self-perception.
\n\u2022The person\u2019s sense of reality is temporarily lost or changed.
\n\u2022The patient experiences change in his body parts.<\/h3>\n

10. What are phobias? If someone had an intense fear of snakes, could this simple phobia be a result of faulty learning? Analyse how this phobia could have developed.<\/h2>\n

Ans. An intense, persistent irrational fear of something that produces conscious avoidance of the feared subject, activity or situation is called a phobia.
\n\u2022Phobias can vary in degree and how much they interfere with healthy adaptation to the environment. Some otherwise normal and well-adjusted persons also have phobias.
\nPhobias are mainly of three types :
\n1. Specific phobias are those directed towards specific objects and situations and can be varied, e.g., acrophobia (fear of heights), pyrophobia (fear of fire), and hydrophobia (fear of water).
\n2. Social phobia is a fear of social situations, and people with this phobia may avoid a wide range of situations in which they fear they will be exposed to, scrutinized and possibly humiliated by other people.
\n3.Agoraphobia: is the term used when people developed a fear of entering unfamiliar situations.
\nSocial learning theories work on the principle that our experience be it positive or negative such as phobia of lizards\/cockroaches are the result of learning process which start early in life. Small children can play with snakes; they are not aware of the danger involved. For them it is just another play object, as they grow up the fear of these things are instilled by their parents and society which is reinforced and accounts for reactions like phobia.
\nA psychoanalytical account for the same could involve attribution to some unconscious > or\/and repressed experiences. For example, suppose in your childhood you watched a group of roudy boys brutally torturing a cockroach\/snake, which eventually died, although you going about the incidence after some days, but it might remain in back of your mind forever, which might explain your phobia to cockroaches which might remind you of the incidence and disturbs you emotionally.<\/h3>\n

11.Anxiety has been called the \u201cbutterflies in the stomach feeling\u201d. At what stage does anxiety become a disorder? Discuss its types.<\/h2>\n

Ans. Anxiety is usually defined as a diffused, vague, very unpleasant feeling of fear and apprehension without any apparent reason, therefore it has been called \u2018butterflies in the stomach\u2019.
\nAnxious individual shows combinations of the following symptoms:
\nRapid heart-rate, Shortness of breath, Diarrhoea, Loss of appetite, Fainting, Dizziness, Sweating, Sleeplessness, Frequent urination, Tremors.
\nTypes of Anxiety Disorder:
\nThere are many types of anxiety disorders:
\n(\u0430)Generalized anxiety disorder which consists of prolonged, vague, unexplained and intense fears that are not attached to any particular object.
\nThe symptoms include:
\n\u2022Worry and apprehensive feelings about the future.
\n\u2022Hyper vigilance, which involves constantly scanning the environment for dangers.
\n\u2022It is marked by motor tension, as a result of which the person is unable to relax.
\n\u2022Restlessness.
\n\u2022Shaky and tense.
\nOther symptoms of anxiety
\n(b)Panic disorder\u2014consists of recurrent anxiety attacks in which the person experiences intense terror.
\n\u2022A panic attack denotes an abrupt attack of intense anxiety, rising to a peak when thoughts of a particular stimuli are present.
\n\u2022Such thoughts occur in an unpredictable manner.
\n\u2022It continues for six and seven minutes and then patients becomes normal.
\nClinical Features:
\n\u2022Shortness of breath \u2022Dizziness
\n\u2022Trembling \u2022Palpitations
\n\u2022Choking \u2022Nausea
\n\u2022Chest pain or discomfort \u2022Fear of going crazy
\n\u2022Losing control or feeling of dying
\n(c)Phobic Disorders:
\n\u2022People who have phobias have irrational fears related to specific objects, people, or situations.
\n\u2022Phobias can be grouped into three main types, i.e., specific phobias, social phobias, and agoraphobia.
\n\u2022Specific phobias are the most commonly occurring type of phobia. Specific phobias are unwarranted fears caused by the presence or anticipation of a specific object or situation. This group includes irrational fears such as intense fear of a certain type of animal, or insects.
\n\u2022Social phobias intense and incapacitating fear and embarrassment when dealing with others, e.g., crowded market, fear of closed space and stage fear.
\n\u2022Agoraphobia: people develop a fear of entering in an unfamiliar situations. Many agoraphobics are afraid of leaving their home. So their ability to carry out normal life activities is severely limited.
\n(d)Obsessive Compulsive Disorders:
\n\u2022Obsessive Behaviour: is the inability to stop thinking about a particular idea or topic. The person involved often finds these thoughts to be unpleasant and shameful but can not control them.
\n\u2022Compulsive Behaviour: Thus is the need to perform certain behaviours over and over again. Many compulsions deal with counting, ordering, checking, touching and washing.
\n\u2022Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: People affected by this disorder are unable to control their preoccupation with specific ideas and are unable to prevent themselves from repeatedly caring out a particular act or series of acts that affect their ability to carry out normal activities.In OCD unwanted thoughts combine with compulsive acts.
\n(e)Post-traumatic Stress Disorders:
\n\u2022People who have been caught in a natural disaster (such as tsunami).
\n\u2022Victims of bomb blasts by terrorists.
\n\u2022Serious accident.
\n\u2022In a war-related situation.<\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Class 12 Psychology NCERT book solutions for Chapter 4 – Psychological Disorders Questions and Answers.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21830,"featured_media":118123,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-118136","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-education"},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/118136","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/21830"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=118136"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/118136\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":118138,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/118136\/revisions\/118138"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/118123"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=118136"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=118136"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=118136"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}