{"id":118729,"date":"2022-04-28T13:01:28","date_gmt":"2022-04-28T07:31:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/?p=118729"},"modified":"2022-04-28T13:01:28","modified_gmt":"2022-04-28T07:31:28","slug":"chapter-3-interior-of-the-earth-questions-and-answers-ncert-solutions-for-class-11-geographyfundamentals-of-physical-geography","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/education\/chapter-3-interior-of-the-earth-questions-and-answers-ncert-solutions-for-class-11-geographyfundamentals-of-physical-geography","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 3 – Interior of the Earth Questions and Answers: NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Geography(Fundamentals of Physical Geography)"},"content":{"rendered":"

1. Multiple choice questions
\nQuestion 1(i).
\nWhich one of the following earthquake waves is more destructive?
\n(a) P-waves
\n(b) S-waves
\n(c) Surface waves
\n(d) None of the above.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\n(a) P-waves<\/h3>\n

Question 1(ii).
\nWhich one of the following is a direct source of information about the interior of the earth?
\n(\u0430) Earthquake waves
\n(b) Volcanoes
\n(c) Gravitational force
\n(d) Earth magnetism.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\n(\u0430) Earthquake waves<\/h3>\n

Question 1(iii).
\nWhich type of volcanic eruptions have caused Deccan Trap formations?
\n(a) Shield
\n(b) Flood
\n(c) Composite
\n(d) Caldera.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\n(b) Flood<\/h3>\n

Question 1(iv).
\nWhich one ofthe following describes the lithosphere?
\n(a) Upper and lower mantle
\n(b) Crust and upper mantle
\n(c) Crust and core
\n(d) Mantle and core.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\n(b) Crust and upper mantle<\/h3>\n

2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
\nQuestion 2(i).
\nWhat are body waves?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nBody waves are generated due to the release of energy at the focus and move in all directions travelling through the body of the earth. Therefore, it has been named as body waves. These are of two types: P-waves and S-waves.<\/h3>\n

Question 2(ii).
\nName the direct sources of information about the interior of the earth.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nSome of the direct sources are:-
\nMining: It is a process by which commercially variable valuable mineral resources are extracted from Earth\u2019s surface which includes precious stones, rocks and solid fuels.
\nDrilling: Scientists world over are working on two major projects such as \u201cDeep Ocean Drilling Projects\u201d and \u201cIntegrated Ocean Drilling Project\u201d. The deepest drill at Kola, in Arctic Ocean, has so far reached a depth of 12 km.
\nVolcanic Eruptions: When molten material is thrown onto the surfaced earth during volcanic eruption it becomes available for analysis<\/h3>\n

Question 2(iii).
\nWhy do earthquake waves develop shadow zone?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nEarthquake waves get recorded in seismographs located at far offlocations. But there exist some specific areas where the waves are not reported. Such a zone is called the \u2018shadow zone\u2019. The study of different events reveals that for each earthquake, there exists an altogether different shadow zone. It was observed that seismographs located at any distance within 105\u00b0 from the epicentre, recorded the arrival of both P and S-waves.
\nHowever, the seismographs located beyond 145\u00b0 from epicentre, record the arrival of P-waves, but not that of S-waves. Thus, a zone between 105\u00b0 and 145\u00b0 from epicentre was identified as the shadow zone for both the types of waves. The entire zone beyond 105\u00b0 does not receive S-waves. The shadow zone of S-wave is much larger than that of the P-waves. The shadow zone of P-waves appears as a band around the earth between 105\u00b0 and 145\u00b0 away from the epicentre. The shadow zone of S-waves is not only larger in extent but it is also a little over 40 per cent of the earth surface.<\/h3>\n

Question 2(iv).
\nBriefly explain the indirect sources of information of the interior of the earth other than those of seismic activity.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nAnalysis of properties of matter indirectly provides information about the interior
\nMeteors
\nGravitation
\nMagnetic field
\nSeismic Activity.<\/h3>\n

3. Answer the following questions in about 150 words.
\nQuestion 3(i).
\nWhat are the effects of propagation of earthquake waves on the rock mass through which they travel?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nEarthquake waves are basically of two types: Body waves and surface waves. Body waves are generated due to the r elease of energy at the focus and move in all directions travelling through the body of the earth. Therefore these are called body weaves. The body wraves interact with the surface rocks and generate new set of waves called surface waves. These waves move along the surface. The velocity of waves changes as they travel through materials with different densities. The denser the material, the higher is the velocity. The direction of vibrations of S-waves is perpendicular to the wave direction in the vertical plane. Hence, they create troughs and crests in the material through which they pass. Surface waves are considered to be the most damaging waves.
\nSeismographs . located at any distance within 105\u00b0 from the epicentre, recorded the arrival of both P and S-waves, However, the seismographs located beyond 145\u00b0 from epicentre, record the arrival of P-waves, hut not that of S-waves. Thus, a zone between 105\u00b0 and 145\u00b0 from epicentre was identified as the shadow zone for both the types of waves. The entire zone beyond 105\u00b0 does not receive S-waves. The shadow zone of S-wave is much larger than that of the P-waves. The shadow zone of P-waves appears as a band around the earth between 105\u00b0 and 145\u00b0 away from the epicentre. The shadow zone of S-waves is not only larger in extent but it is also a little over 40 per cent of the earth surface.<\/h3>\n

Question 3(ii).
\nWhat do you understand by intrusive forms? Briefly describe various intrusive forms.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe lava that cools within the crustal portions assumes different forms. These forms are called intrusive forms. Important intrusive forms are described below:
\nBatholiths: A large body of magmatic material that cools in the deeper depth of the crust develops in the form of large
\ndomes. Batholiths are the cooled portion of magma chambers.
\nLacoliths: These are large dome-shaped intrusive bodies with a level base and connected by a pipe-like conduit from below. It resembles the surface volcanic domes of composite volcano, only these are located at deeper depths.
\nLapolith: As and when the lava moves upwards, a portion of the same may tend to move in a horizontal direction wherever it finds a weak plane. It may get rested in different forms. In case it develops into a saucer shape, concave to the sky body, it is called lapolith.
\nPhaeolith: A wavy mass of intrusive rocks, at times, is found at the base of synclines or at the top of anticline in folded igneous country. Such wavy materials have a definite conduit to source beneath in the form of magma chambers (subsequently developed as batholiths). These are called the phacoliths.
\nSills: The near horizontal bodies of the intrusive igneous rocks are called sill or sheet, depending on the thickness of the material. The thinner ones are called sheets while the thick horizontal deposits are called sills.
\nDykes: When the lava makes its way through cracks and the fissures developed in the land, it solidifies almost perpendicular to the ground. It gets cooled in the same position to develop a wall-like structure. Such structures are called dykes.<\/h3>\n

Multiple Choice Questions<\/h3>\n

Question 1.
\nHow do we measure magnitude of earthquake?
\n(a) Richter Scale
\n(b) Mercalli Scale
\n(c) Measuring Scale
\n(d) Seismograph.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\n(a) Richter Scale<\/h3>\n

Question 2.
\nHow do we measure intensity of earthquake?
\n(a) Richter Scale
\n(b) Mercalli Scale
\n(c) Measuring Scale
\n(d) Seismograph.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\n(b) Mercalli Scale<\/h3>\n

Question 3.
\nFast moving waves which reach the earth earliest are called:
\n(a) Alpha Waves
\n(b) S-Waves
\n(c) P-Waves
\n(d) Beta Waves.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\n(c) P-Waves<\/h3>\n

Question 4.
\nThe upper portion of mantle is called:
\n(a) Asthenosphere
\n(b) Crust
\n(c) Lithosphere
\n(d) Fossil Sphere.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\n(a) Asthenosphere<\/h3>\n

Question 5.
\nWhat is the approximate depth of mantle?
\n(a) 2400 km
\n(b) 2900 km
\n(c) 3200 km
\n(d) 3500 km.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\n(b) 2900 km<\/h3>\n

Question 6.
\nCore is made of which metals?
\n(a) Iron and Magnesium
\n(b) Iron and Silicon
\n(c) Nickel and Iron
\n(d) Nickel and Magnesium.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\n(d) Nickel and Magnesium.<\/h3>\n

Question 7.
\nWhat is the density of the rocks between the adjoining line on mantle and core?
\n(\u0430) 3-4 gm per sq cm
\n(b) 5 gm per sq cm
\n(c) 4-5 gm per sq cm
\n(d) 6 gm per sq cm.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\n(b) 5 gm per sq cm<\/h3>\n

Question 8.
\nWhat is the thickness of the crust?
\n(a) 10 km to 200 km
\n(b) 50 km to 300 km
\n(c) 30 km to 400 km
\n(d) 100 km to 200 km.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\n(a) 10 km to 200 km<\/h3>\n

Question 9.
\nWhat is the density of the rocks of mantle?
\n(a) 3-4 gm per sq cm
\n(b) 5 gm per sq cm
\n(c) 4-5 gm per sq cm
\n(d) 6 gm per sq cm.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\n(a) 3-4 gm per sq cm<\/h3>\n

Question 10.
\nCrust and upper portion of mantle taken together is called:
\n(a) Asthenosphere
\n(b) Magma
\n(c) Lithosphere
\n(d) Core.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\n(c) Lithosphere<\/h3>\n

Question 11.
\nWhat is the mean thickness of oceanic crust?
\n(a) 5 km
\n(b) 30 km
\n(c) 10 km
\n(d) 70 km.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\n(a) 5 km<\/h3>\n

Question 12.
\nWhat is the mean thickness of continental crust?
\n(a) 5 km
\n(b) 30 km
\n(c) 10 km
\n(d) 70 km.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\n(b) 30 km.<\/h3>\n

Very Short Answer Type Questions<\/h3>\n

Question 1.
\nBy which metals is core made of?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nCore is made up of nickel and iron.<\/h3>\n

Question 2.
\nName the deepest mine of the world.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nGold mines in South Africa are as deep as 3 \u2013 4 km.<\/h3>\n

Question 3.
\nHow do we measure magnitude, of an earthquake?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nWe measure magnitude of an earthquake using Richter Scale.<\/h3>\n

Question 4.
\nWhat is the thickness of the crust in oceans, continents and mountains?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe mean thickness of oceanic crust is 5 km whereas that of the continental is around 30 km. The continental crust is thicker in the areas of major mountain systems. It is as much as 70 km thick in the Himalayan region.<\/h3>\n

Question 5.
\nWhat do you mean by dykes?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nWhen the lava makes its way through cracks and the fissures developed in the land, it solidifies almost perpendicular to the ground. It gets cooled in the same position to develop a wall-like structure. Such structures are called dykes.<\/h3>\n

Question 6.
\nWhat do we get to know about the interior of the earth through mining?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nWe get to know through the mining activity that temperature and pressure increase with the increasing distance from the surface towards the interior in deeper depths. Moreover, it is also known that the density of the material also increases with depth.<\/h3>\n

Question 7.
\nWhat do you mean by gravitational anomaly?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe difference in readings from the expected values is called gravity anomaly. Gravity anomaly give us information about the distribution of mass of the material in the crust of the earth.<\/h3>\n

Question 8.
\nWhat do you mean by caldera?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThese are the most explosive of the earth\u2019s volcanoes. They are usually so explosive that when they erupt they tend to collapse on themselves rather than building any tall structure. The collapsed depressions are called calderas.<\/h3>\n

Question 9.
\nWhen can an earthquake cause tsunami?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nAn earthquake can take form of tsunami if its epicentre is below ocean and its magnitude is very high. An earthquake of magnitude more than 5 on Richter scale can prove to be very dangerous.<\/h3>\n

Question 10.
\nWhat are different types of forces?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThere are two types of forces:-
\n1. Exogenic forces: These are the forces on the surface of the earth like weathering, erosion, mining, etc.
\n2. Endogenic forces: These are the forces under the surface of the earth, like volcanic eruption, earthquake and any other seismic activity, tectonic plates.<\/h3>\n

Question 11.
\nName the interior most part of the earth. What is its depth?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nCore is the interior most part of the earth. Its depth is between 2900 km to 6373km.<\/h3>\n

Question 12.
\nWhat is a volcano?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nA volcano is a place where gases,\u2019 ashes and\/or molten rock material \u2013 lava \u2013 escape to the ground.<\/h3>\n

Question 13.
\nWhat are intrusive forms?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe lava that cools within the crustal portions assumes different forms. These forms are called intrusive forms.<\/h3>\n

Question 14.
\nWhat are batholiths?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nA large body of magmatic material that cools in the deeper depth of the crust develops in the form of large domes. Batholiths are the cooled portion of magma chambers.<\/h3>\n

Question 15.
\nWhat do you mean by hypocentre?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe point where the energy is released is called the focus of an earthquake, alternatively, it is called the hypocentre.<\/h3>\n

Question 16.
\nWhat are surface waves?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe body waves interact with the surface rocks and generate new set of waves called surface waves. These waves move along the surface. These waves are very destructive.<\/h3>\n

Question 17.
\nWhat do you mean by lapoliths?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nAs and when the lava moves upwards, a portion of the same may tend to move in a horizontal direction wherever it finds a weak plane. It may get rested in different forms. In case it develops into a saucer shape, concave to the sky body, it is called lapoliths.<\/h3>\n

Question 18.
\nWhat do you mean by lacoliths?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThese are large dome-shaped intrusive bodies with a level base and connected by a pipe-like conduit from below. It resembles the surface volcanic domes of composite volcano, only these are located at deeper depths.<\/h3>\n

Question 19.
\nWhat do you mean by phacoliths?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nA wavy mass of intrusive rocks, at times, is found at the base of synclines or at the top of anticline in folded igneous country. Such wavy materials have a definite conduit to source beneath in the form of magma chambers (subsequently developed as batholiths). These are called the phacoliths.<\/h3>\n

Question 20.
\nWhat do you mean by sills?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe near horizontal bodies of the intrusive igneous rocks are called sill or sheet, depending on the thickness of the material. The thinner ones are called sheets while the thick horizontal deposits are called sills.<\/h3>\n

Question 21.
\nWhat is magma?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nAs long as liquid rocks are in the upper portion of the mantle, it is called magma.<\/h3>\n

Question 22.
\nGive meaning of mid-ocean ridge volcanoes.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThese volcanoes occur in the oceanic areas. There is a system of mid-ocean ridges more than 70,000 km long that stretches through all the ocean basins. The central portion of this ridge experiences frequent eruptions.<\/h3>\n

Short Answer Type Questions<\/h3>\n

Question 1.
\nWrite a note on composite volcanoes.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThese volcanoes are characterised by eruptions of cooler and more viscous lavas than basalt. These volcanoes often result in explosive eruptions. Along with lava, large quantities of pyroclastic material and ashes find their way to the ground. This material accumulates in the vicinity of the vent openings leading to formation of layers, and this makes the mounts appear as composite volcanoes.<\/h3>\n

Question 2.
\nGive a brief description of caldera.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThese are the most explosive of the earth\u2019s volcanoes. Their features are as follows:
\nThey are usually so explosive that when they erupt they tend to collapse on themselves rather than building any tall structure. The collapsed depressions are called calderas.
\nTheir explosiveness indicates that the magma chamber supplying the lava is not only huge but is also in close vicinity.
\nThe hills produced by them are similar to the one made by composite volcanoes.<\/h3>\n

Question 3.
\nWrite a short note on flood basalt provinces.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThese volcanoes outpour highly fluid lava that flows for long distances.
\nSome parts of the world are covered by thousands of sq. km of thick basalt lava flows.
\nThere can be a series of flows with some flows attaining thickness of more than 50 m.
\nIndividual flows may extend for hundreds of km.
\nThe Deccan Traps from India, presently covering most of the Maharashtra plateau, are a much larger flood basalt province.
\nIt is believed that initially the trap formations covered a much larger area than the present.<\/h3>\n

Question 4.
\nExplain the uppermost layer of the earth- crust.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nIt is the outermost solid part of the earth. It is brittle in nature.
\nThickness: The thickness of the crust varies under the oceanic and continental areas. Oceanic crust is thinner as compared to the continental crust. The mean thickness of oceanic crust is 5 km whereas that of the continental is around 30 km. The continental crust is thicker in the areas of major mountain systems. It is as much as 70 km thick in the Himalayan region.
\nComposition: It is made up of heavier rocks.
\nDensity: It is having density of 3 g\/cm3.
\nIn Oceans: This type of rock found in the oceanic crust is basalt. The mean density of material in oceanic crust is 2.7 g\/cm3.<\/h3>\n

Question 5.
\nExplain the innermost layer of the earth- core.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe Core is the innermost layer of the earth.
\nInformation: The earthquake wave velocities helped in understanding the existence of the core of the earth.
\nDepth: The core- mantle boundary is located at the depth of 2,900 km.
\nForm: The outer core is in liquid state while the inner core is in solid state.
\nDensity: The density of material at the mantle core boundary is around 5 g\/cm3
\nand at the centre of the earth at 6,300 km, the density value is around 13g\/cm3.
\nComposition: The core is made up of very heavy material mostly constituted by nickel and iron.
\nOther name: It is sometimes referred to as the nife layer.<\/h3>\n

Question 6.
\nExplain the middle layer of the earth- mantle.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe Mantle: The portion of the interior beyond the crust is called the mantle.
\nDepth: The mantle extends from Moho\u2019s discontinuity to a depth of 2,900 km.
\nAsthenosphere: The upper portion of the mantle is called asthenosphere. The word astheno means weak. It is considered to be extending upto 400 km. It is the main source of magma that finds its way to the surface during volcanic eruptions.
\nDensity: It has a density higher than the crust\u2019s (3.4 g\/cm3).
\nUpper Mantle: The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle are called lithosphere. Its thickness ranges from 10-200 km.
\nLower Mantle: The lower mantle extends beyond the asthenosphere. It is in solid state.<\/h3>\n

Question 7.
\nWrite a short note on shield volcanoes.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nShield Volcanoes:
\nComposition: These volcanoes are mostly made up of basalt, a type of lava that is very fluid when erupted. For this reason, these volcanoes are not steep. They become explosive if somehow water gets into the vent; otherwise, they are characterised by low-explosivity.
\nLargest of all: Barring the basalt flows, the shield volcanoes are the largest of all the volcanoes on the earth.
\nExamples: The Hawaiian volcanoes are the most famous examples.
\nMovement of Lava: The upcoming lava moves in the form of a fountain and throws out the cone at the top of the vent and develops into cinder cone.<\/h3>\n

Question 8.
\nWhat are the effects of earthquake?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe following are the immediate hazardous effects of earthquake
\nLoss of life and property: Ground shaking takes place in earthquake. It leads to loss of life and property. Many buildings fall off and take life of people who were in and around the building.
\nChange in land: Due to earthquake we can see many changes in the land. Many areas get converted into pits. There are cracks in mountains.
\nCauses landslides and tsunami: It leads to landslides in mountainous regions and tsunami in oceans. It may further aggravate the calamity and loss of human and property.
\nDestruction of means of communication and transportation: It leads to destruction of means of communication and transportation. It creates problem in sending help and relief to victims.
\nOther effects: Earthquake may also lead to breaking or damage of dams which mav lead to floods. .<\/h3>\n

Question 9.
\nWhat is earthquake? Discuss focus\/ hypocentre and epicentre. How do we measure its magnitude and intensity?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nAn earthquake is shaking of the earth. It\u2019s a nature event. It is caused due to release of energy, which generates waves that travel in all directions.
\nFocus\/Hypocentre: The point where the energy is released is called the focus\/ Hypocentre of an earthquake.
\nEpicentre: The point on the surface which is nearest to the focus of energy is called epicentre. It is the first one to experience the waves. It is a point directly above the focus.
\nMeasurement of earthquake:
\nMagnitude: It is measured by Richter Scale
\nIntensity: It is measured by Mercalli Scale.<\/h3>\n

Question 10.
\nDifferentiate between Body waves and Surface waves?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nMain differences between body waves and surface waves are given below:
\n1. Body waves:
\nThese are generated due to the release of energy at the focus.
\nThey move in all directions travelling through the body of the earth.
\nThese are less destructive than the surface waves.
\n2. Surface waves:
\nThe body waves interact with the surface rocks and generate new set of waves called surface waves.
\nThese waves move along the surface.
\nThese waves are more destruction.<\/h3>\n

Question 11.
\nDifferentiate between Primary\u201d waves and Secondary\u201d waves<\/h2>\n

P-Waves
\nS-Waves
\nOther name
\nThese are called primary waves.
\nThese are called secondary waves.
\nSpeed
\nThese move faster and are the first to arrive at the surface.
\nThese arrive at surface with sometime later.
\nShadow Zone
\nThe shadow zone of P-wave is much smaller than that of the S-waves.
\nThe shadow zone of S-wave is much larger than that of the P-waves.
\nSource of travelling
\nThey travel through gaseous, liquid and solid materials.
\nS-waves can travel only through solid materials.<\/h3>\n

Long Answer Type Questions<\/h3>\n

Question 1.
\nExplain different types of earthquakes.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe various types of earthquakes are:-
\nTectonic earthquake: The most common ones are the tectonic earthquakes. These are generated due to sliding of rocks along a fault plane.
\nVolcanic earthquake: A special class of tectonic earthquake is sometimes recognised as volcanic earthquake. However, these are confined to areas of active volcanoes.
\nCollapse earthquake: In the areas of intense mining activity, sometimes the roofs of underground mines collapse causing minor tremors. These are called collapse earthquakes.
\nExplosion earthquake: Ground shaking may also occur due to the explosion of chemical or nuclear devices. Such tremors are called explosion earthquakes.
\nReservoir Induced earthquake: The earthquakes that occur in the areas of large reservoirs are referred to as reservoir induced earthquakes. Sometimes earthquakes also occur in mines due to mining processes. Sometimes earthquakes also occur below the oceans on surface of the ocean causing tsunamis.<\/h3>\n

Question 2.
\nWhat are different sources of information | about the interior of the earth?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nSome of the direct sources are:-
\nMining: It is a process by which commercially variable valuable mineral resources are extracted from Earth\u2019s surface which includes precious stones, rocks and solid fuels.
\nDrilling: Scientists world over are working on two major projects such as \u201cDeep Ocean Drilling projects\u201d and \u201cintegrated ocean drilling project\u201d. The deepest drill at kola, in Arctic Ocean, has so far reached a depth of 12 km.
\nVolcanic Eruptions: When molten material is thrown onto the surface of the earth during volcanic eruption it becomes available for analysis.
\nSome of the indirect sources of information: Analysis of properties of matter indirectly provides information about the interior. Knowing the total thickness of the earth, scientists have estimated the values of temperature, pressure and the density of materials at different depths.
\nMeteors that at times reach the earth: However, it may be noted that the material that becomes available for analysis from meteors, is not from the interior of the earth. The material and the structure observed in the meteors are similar to that of the earth. They are solid bodies developed out of materials same as, or similar to, our planet. Hence, this becomes yet another source of information about the interior of the earth.
\nGravitation: The gravitation force (g) is not the same at different latitudes on the surface. It is greater near the poles and less at the equator. This is because of the distance from the centre at the equator being greater than that at the poles. The gravity values also differ according to the mass of material.
\nMagnetic surveys: Magnetic surveys also provide information about the distribution of magnetic materials in the crustal portion, and thus, provide information about the distribution of materials in this part.<\/h3>\n

Question 3.
\nExplain different types of earthquake waves.<\/h2>\n

Answer:<\/h3>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Earthquake waves are basically of two types body waves and surface waves.
\nBody waves: These are generated due to the release of energy at the focus. They move in all directions in all directions travelling through the body of the earth. These are less destructive than the surface waves.
\nSurface waves: The body waves interact with the surface rocks and generate new set of waves called surface waves. These waves move along the surface. These waves are more destruction. The surface waves are the last to report on seismograph. These waves are more destructive. They cause displacement of rocks, and hence, the collapse of structures occurs.
\nThere are two types of body waves. They are called P- and S-waves,
\nP-waves: They move faster and are the first to arrive at the surface. These are also called \u2018primary waves\u2019. The P-waves are similar to sound waves. They travel through gaseous, liquid and solid materials.
\nS-Waves: S-waves arrive at the surface with some time lag. These are called secondary waves. An important fact about S-waves is that they can travel only through solid materials. This characteristic of the S-waves is quite important. It has helped scientists to understand the structure of t he interior of the earth. Reflection causes was es to rebound whereas refraction makes waves move in different directions. The variations in the direction of waves are inferred with the help of their record on seismograph.<\/h3>\n

Question 4.
\nExplain how does shadow zone emerge. Use a diagram.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nEarthquake waves get recorded in seismographs located at far off locations. However, there exist some specific areas where the waves are not reported. Such a zone is called the \u2018shadow zone\u2019. The study of different events reveals that for each earthquake, there exists an altogether different shadow zone.
\nSeismographs located at any distance within 105\u00b0 from the epicentre, recorded the arrival of both P and S -waves. However, the seismographs located beyond 145\u00b0 from epicentre, record the arrival of P-waves but not that of S-waves. Thus, a zone between 105\u00b0 and 145\u00b0 from epicentre was identified as the shadow zone for both the types of waves. Figures given below show the shadow zones of P- and S-waves.<\/h3>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Question 5.
\nExplain the interior structure of the earth.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe interior structure f the earth can be classified into three parts:
\n1. Crust; (ii) Mantle; (iii) Core (i) Crust: It is the outermost solid part of the earth. It is brittle in nature. The thickness of the crust varies under the oceanic and continental areas. Oceanic crust is thinner as compared to the continental crust. The mean thickness of oceanic crust is 5 km w\u2019hereas that of the continental is around 30 km. The continental crust is thicker in the areas of major mountain systems. It is as much as 70 km thick in the Himalayan region. It is made up of heavier rocks. It is having density of 3 g\/cm3. This type of rock found in the oceanic crust is basalt. The mean density of material in oceanic crust is 2.7 g\/cm3.
\n2. Mantle: The portion of the interior beyond the crust is called the mantle. The mantle extends from Moho\u2019s discontinuity to a depth of 2,900 km. The upper portion of the mantle is called asthenosphere. The word astheno means weak. It is considered to be extending upto 400 km. It is the main source of magma that finds its way to the surface during volcanic eruptions. It has a density higher than the crust\u2019s (3.4 g\/ cm3). The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle are called lithosphere. Its thickness ranges from 10-200 km. The lower mantle extends beyond the asthenosphere. It is in solid state.
\n3. Core: The earthquake wave velocities helped in understanding the existence of the core of the earth. The core- mantle boundary is located at the depth of 2,900 km. The outer core is in liquid state while the inner core is in solid state. The density of material at the mantle core boundary is around 5 g\/cm3 and at the centre of the earth at 6,300 km, the density value is around 13g\/cm3. The core is made up of very heavy material mostly constituted by nickel and iron. It is sometimes also called the nife layer.<\/h3>\n

Question 6.
\nIn how many groups are volcanoes classified on the basis of nature of eruption and the form developed at the surface? Explain.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nVolcanoes are classified on the basis of nature of eruption and the form developed at the surface into following types:
\n1. Shield Volcanoes: These volcanoes are mostly made up of basalt, a type of lava that is very fluid when erupted. For this reason, these volcanoes are not steep. They become explosive if somehow water gets into the vent; otherwise, they are characterised by low-explosivity. Barring the basalt flows, the shield volcanoes are the largest of all the volcanoes on the earth. The Hawaiian volcanoes are the most famous examples. The upcoming lava moves in the form of a fountain and throws out the cone at the top of the vent and develops into cinder cone.
\n2. Composite Volcanoes: These volcanoes are characterised by eruptions of cooler and more viscous lavas than basalt. These volcanoes often result in explosive eruptions. Along with lava, large quantities of pyroclastic material and ashes find their way to the ground. This material accumulates in the vicinity of the vent openings leading to formation of layers, and this makes the mounts appear as composite volcanoes.
\n3. Calderas: These are the most explosive of the earth\u2019s volcanoes. They are usually so explosive that when they erupt they tend to collapse on themselves rather than building any tall structure. The collapsed depressions are called calderas. Their explosiveness indicates that the magma chamber supplying the lava is not only huge but is also in close vicinity. The hills produced by them are similar to the one made by composite volcanoes.
\n4. Basalt Flood Provinces: These volcanoes outpour highly fluid lava that flows for long distances. Some parts of the world are cohered by thousands of sq. km of thick basalt lava flows. There can be a series of flows with some flows attaining thickness of more than 50 m. Individual flows may extend for hundreds of km. The Deccan Traps from India, presently covering most of the Maharashtra plateau, are a much larger flood basalt province. It is believed that initially the trap formations covered a much larger area than the present.
\n5. Mid-Ocean Ridge Volcanoes: These volcanoes occur in the oceanic areas. There is a system of mid-ocean ridges more than 70,000 km long that stretches through all the ocean basins. The central portion of this ridge experiences frequent eruptions.<\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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