{"id":119137,"date":"2022-05-02T18:07:15","date_gmt":"2022-05-02T12:37:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/?p=119137"},"modified":"2022-05-02T18:07:15","modified_gmt":"2022-05-02T12:37:15","slug":"chapter-2-social-change-and-social-order-in-rural-and-urban-society-questions-and-answers-ncert-solutions-for-class-11-sociologyunderstanding-society","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/education\/chapter-2-social-change-and-social-order-in-rural-and-urban-society-questions-and-answers-ncert-solutions-for-class-11-sociologyunderstanding-society","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 2 – Social Change and Social Order in Rural and Urban Society Questions and Answers: NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Sociology(Understanding Society)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Question 1.
\nWould you agree with the statement that rapid social change is a comparatively new phenomenon in human history? Give reasons for your answer.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nIt is estimated that human beings have existed on planet earth for approximately 500.0 (five lakh) years, but they have had a civilised existence for only about 6.0 years.
\nOf these civilized years, it is only in the last 400 years that we have seen constant and rapid changes.
\nEven within these years of change, the pace has accelerated only in the last 100 years. Because the speed with which change happens has been increasing steadily, it is probably true that in the last hundred years, change has been faster in the last fifty years than in the first fifty.
\nAnd within the last fifty years the world may have changed more in the last twenty years than in the first thirty years.<\/h3>\n

Question 2.
\nHow is social change to be distinguished from other kinds of change?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nSocial change is a general term that refers to almost any kind of change not qualified by some other terms, such as economic or political change.
\nSocial change refers to changes that are significant, changes which alter the underlying structure of an object or situation over a period of time.
\nSocial change does not include any and all changes, but only changes which transform things fundamentally.
\nSocial change remains a very broad term. Attempts to further qualify it by its sources or causes: by its nature, or the kind of impact it has on society; and by its pace or speed.<\/h3>\n

Question 3.
\nWhat do you understand by \u2018structural change\u2019? Explain with examples other than those in the text.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nStructural change refers to transformations in the structure of society to its institutions or the rules by which these institutions are run.
\nFor example, the emergence of paper money as currency marked a major change. in the organization of financial markets and transactions. Until this change came
\nabout, most forms of currency involved precious metals like gold and silver.
\nThe value of the coin was directly linked to the value of the gold or silver it contained.
\nBy contrast, the value of a paper currency note has no relationship to the value of the paper it is printed on, or the cost of its printing.
\nThe idea behind paper money was that a medium or means for facilitating the exchange of goods and services need not itself be intrinsically valuable. As long as it represents values convincingly i.e., as long as it inspires trust \u2013 almost anything can function as money.
\nChanges in values and beliefs can also lead to social change.
\nFor example, changes in the ideas and childhood have brought about many types of social changes. There was a time when children were simply considered small adults. There was no special concept of childhood as such with its associated notions of what was right or wrong for children to do.
\nAs late as in 19th century, for example, it was considered good and proper that children do work as soon as they are able to. Children were often helping their families at work from the age of five or six; the early factory system depended on the labour of children.
\nIt was during the 19th and early 20th centuries that ideas of life gained influence for small children to be at work, and many countries passed laws banning child labour.<\/h3>\n

Question 4.
\nDescribe some kinds of environment related social change.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\n1. Nature, ecology and physical environment have always had a significant influence on the structure and shape of society.
\n2. This was particularly true in the past when human beings were unable to control or overcome the effects of nature. For example, people living in a desert environment were unable to practice settled agriculture of the sort that was possible in the plains, near rivers and so on. So the kind of food they ate or the clothes they wore, the way they earned their livelihood, their patterns of social interaction were all determined to a large extent by the physical and climatic conditions of their environment.
\n3. Sudden and catastrophic events such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, or tidal waves (like the tsunami that hit Indonesia, Sri Lanka, the Andaman Islands and parts of Tamil Nadu in December 2004) can change societies quite drastically. These changes are often irreversible, that is, they are permanent and don\u2019t allow a return to the way things were.
\n4. There are numerous instances of natural disasters leading to total transformation and sometimes total destruction of societies in history. Environmental or ecological factors need not only be destructive to cause change, they can be constructive as well.<\/h3>\n

Question 5.
\nWhat are some kinds of changes brought about by technology and the economy?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\n1. The combination of technological and economic change has been responsible for immense social changes, specially in the modern period.
\n2. Technology affects society in a wide variety of ways. As seen above, it can help . us to resist, control, adapt to or harness nature in different ways. In combination with the very powerful institution of the market, technological change can be as impressive in its social impact as natural factors like a tsunami or the discovery of oil.
\n3. The discovery of steam power allowed emerging forms of large scale industry to make use of a source of energy that was not only far stronger than animals or human beings, but was also capable of continuous operation without the need for rest.
\n4. Modes of transport like the steam, ship and the railways transformed the economy and social geography of the world.
\n5. The rail, road enabled the westward expansion of industry and trade on the American continent and in Asia. In India too, the railways have played a very important role in shaping the economy, specially in the first century after their introduction in 1853.
\n6. Steamships made ocean voyages much faster and much more reliable, thereby
\nchanging the dynamics of international trade and migration. Both these developments created gigantic ripples of change which affected not only the economy but also the social, cultural and demographic dimensions of world 3 society.
\n7. Sometimes, the social impact of technological changes become visible only retrospectively. A technological invention or discovery may produce limited immediate effects, as though it were lying dormant. Some later change in the economic context may suddenly change the social significance of the same invention and give it recognition as a historic event. Examples of this are the discovery of gunpowder and writing paper in China, which had only limited impact for centuries until they were inserted into the context of modernizing Western Europe.
\n8. From that vantage point, given the advantage of enabling circumstances, gunpowder helped to transform the technology of warfare and the paper-print revolution changed society forever.
\n9. Sometimes changes in economic organization that are not directly technological can also change society. In a well-known historical example, plantation agriculture, that is, the growing of single cash crops like sugarcane, tea or cotton on a large scale created a heavy demand for labour.
\n10. In India, too, the tea plantations of Assam involved the forced migration of labour from Eastern India (specially the Adivasi areas of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh).<\/h3>\n

Question 6.
\nWhat is meant by social order and how is it maintained?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nSocial order, is the tendency within established social systems that resists and regulates change.
\nSocial order prevents, discourages, or at least controls change. In order to establish itself as a strong and viable social system, every society must be able to reproduce itself over time and maintain its stability. Stability requires that things continue more or less as they are \u2013 that people continue to follow the same rules, that similar actions produce similar results, and more generally, that individuals and institutions behave in a fairly predictable manner.
\nThe ruling or dominant groups in society generally resist any social changes that
\nmay alter their status, because they have a vested interest in stability. On the other hand, the subordinated or oppressed groups have a vested interest in change. \u2018Normal\u2019 conditions usually favour the rich and powerful, and they are able to resist change.
\nSocial order refers to the active maintenance and reproduction of a particular pattern of social relations, values and norms. Broadly speaking, social order can be achieved in one or two ways \u2013 when people spontaneously wish to abide by a set of rules and norms; or when people are compelled in various ways to obey such norms.
\nSpontaneous consent to social order derives ultimately from shared values and norms which are internalised by people through the process of socialisation.
\nSocialisation may be more or less efficient in different contexts, but however efficient it is, it can never completely erase the will of the individual.
\nWhile socialisation does take on much of the burden of producing social order, it is never enough by itself.
\nThus, most modem societies must also depend on some form of power or coercion to ensure that institutions and individuals conform to established social norms.
\nPower is usually defined as the ability to make others do what you want regardless of what they themselves want. When a relationship of power is stable and settled, and the parties involved have become accustomed to their relative positions, we have a situation of domination.
\nIf a social entity (a person, institution or group) is routinely or habitually in a position of power, it is said to be dominant.
\nIn normal times, dominant institutions, groups or individuals exercise a decisive influence on society. It is not as though they are never challenged, but this happens only in abnormal or extraordinary times.<\/h3>\n

Question 7.
\nWhat is authority and how is it related to domination and the law?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nAuthority is defined by Max Weber as legitimate power, that is, power considered to be justified or proper. For example, a police officer, a judge, or a school teacher all exercise different kinds of authority as part of their jobs.
\nThis authority is explicitly provided to them by their official job description. There are written documents specifying their authority, and what they may and may not do.
\nA law is an explicitly codified norm or rule. It is usually written down, and there are laws that specify how laws are to be made or changed, or what is to be done if someone violates them.
\nLaw forms the formal body of rules according to which society will be governed. Laws apply to all citizens. Whether or not I as an individual agree with a particular law, it has binding force on me as a citizen, and on all other citizens similarly regardless of their beliefs.
\nDomination works through power, but much of this power is actually legitimate power or authority a large part of which is codified in law.
\nConsent and cooperation are obtained on a regular and reliable basis because of the backing of this structure of legitimation and formal institutional support. This does not exhaust the domain of power or domination \u2013 there are many kinds of power that are effective in society even though they are illegitimate, or if legitimate are not codified in law.<\/h3>\n

Question 8.
\nHow are a village, town and city distinguished from each other?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nVillages are a unit of the rural community, where rural life upholds itself and does perform its functions.
\nIt is simple community based on agriculture.
\nVillages are end product of nomadic ways of life based on hunting, gathering food and transient agriculture to a more settled form of life.
\nSocial changes are slow and gradual.
\nIt has a large population, high density of population, heterogeniety predominantly engaged in non agricultural occupations.
\nTheir life is complex and multidimensional. These are mostly commercial hubs.
\nSocial changes in cities are quick and drastic.<\/h3>\n

Question 9.
\nWhat are some features of social order in rural areas?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nVillages are small in size so they usually permit more personalised relationships;
\nit is not unusual for members of a village to know all or most other members by sight.
\nThe social structure in villages tends to follow a more traditional pattern: institutions like caste, religion, arid other forms of customary or traditional social practices are stronger here.
\nFor these reasons, unless there are special circumstances that make for an exception change is slower to arrive in villages than in towns.
\nThe subordinate sections of society have much less scope for expressing themselves in rural areas than their counterparts in cities. The lack of anonymity and distance in the village makes it difficult for people to dissent because they can be easily identified and \u2018taught a lesson\u2019 by the dominant sections.
\nThe relative power of the dominant sections is much more because they control most avenues of employment, and most resources of all kinds, so the poor have to depend on the dominant sections since there are no alternative sources of employment of support.
\nIf there is a strong power structure already in place in a village, it is very difficult to dislodge it. Change in the sense of shifts in power are thus slow and late to arrive in rural areas because the social order is stronger and more resilient.
\nChange of other sorts is also slow to come because villages are scattered and not as well connected to the rest of the world as cities and towns are.
\nCommunication links of other sorts (road, rail) have also generally improved over time so that a few villages can really claim to be \u2018isolated\u2019 or \u2018remote\u2019.
\nHigh population density places a great premium on space and creates very complex problems of logistics. It is the primary task of the urban social order to ensure the spatial viability of the city.
\nThis means the organization and management of things like: housing and residential patterns; mass transit systems for transporting, large number of workers to and from for work; arranging for the coexistence of residential, public and industrial land-use zones.
\nAll the public health, sanitation, policing, public safety and monitoring are needs of urban governance.
\nThese functions as a huge undertaking in itself and present formidable challenges of planning, implementation and maintenance.
\nThe divisions and tensions of class, ethnicity, religion, caste and so on are also present and active.
\nLack of housing for the poor leads to homelessness, and the phenomenon of \u2018street people\u2019 \u2013 those who live and survive on the streets and footpaths, under bridges and flyovers, abandoned buildings and other empty spaces. It is also the leading cause for the emergence of slums.
\nBecause of the absence of \u2018settled\u2019 property rights of the kind seen elsewhere, slums are the natural breeding ground for \u2018dadas\u2019 and strongmen who impose their authority on the people who live there.
\nResidential areas in cities all over the world are almost always segregated by class, and often also by race, ethnicity, religion and other such variables. Tension between such identities cause these segregation patterns and are also a consequence.
\nFor example, in India, communal tensions between religious communities, most commonly Hindus and Muslims, results in the conversion of mixed neighbourhoods into single-community ones.
\nThis in turn gives a specific spatial pattern to communal violence whenever it erupts, which again furthers the \u2019ghettoisation\u2019 process.
\nThe worldwide phenomenon of \u2018gated communities\u2019 is also found in Indian cities. This refers to the creation of affluent neighbourhoods that are separated from their surroundings by walls and gates, with controlled entry and exit. Such communities also have their own parallel civic facilities, such as water and electricity supply, policing and security.<\/h3>\n

Very Short Answer Type Questions<\/h3>\n

Question 1.
\nDefine social change.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nSocial change refers to any change in the system in which social-relationships remain organised, controlled and stable.<\/h3>\n

Question 2.
\nDefine authority.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nAuthority refers to a person who has inherent power to give reward and punishment. According to Max Weber, authority refers to legitimate power.<\/h3>\n

Question 3.
\nDefine law.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\n\u201cLaw is the body of rules which are recognised, interpreted and applied to particular situations by the courts of the state.\u201d
\nLaw is collection of customary standardised and formalised norms that regulate human conduct. They have the support of customs and law making bodies.<\/h3>\n

Question 4.
\nWhat is traditional authority?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nTraditional authority emphasises on social values, beliefs and continuity. Family based on kinship are its example.
\nIt maintains the social order and brings desired changes according to social demands.<\/h3>\n

Question 5.
\nWhat is socialisation?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nSocialisation is a process of social learning through which a child acquires the norms, attitudes, beliefs and behaviours that are acceptable in his\/her culture. The principal agents of socialisation are the family, school, peer group and media.<\/h3>\n

Question 6.
\nWhat is conformity?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nConformity is a type of social influence in which individuals change their attitude or behaviour in order to adhere to existing social norms.<\/h3>\n

Question 7.
\nWhat do you understand by Ghettoisation?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nGhettoisation is the process of creation of ghettoes through the conversion of mixed composition neighbourhoods into single community neighbourhoods.<\/h3>\n

Question 8.
\nWhat is the meaning of social influence?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nIt refers to the efforts by one or more individuals to change the attitudes, beliefs, perception or behaviour of the people.<\/h3>\n

Question 9.
\nDefine social norms.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nIt refers to rules indicating how individuals are expected to behave in specific situations.<\/h3>\n

Question 10.
\nWhat is contestation?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nIt refers to broad forms of insistent disagreement. It is a situation in which people tend to protest against or refuse to conform to existing social norms.<\/h3>\n

Question 11.
\nWhat is charismatic authority?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nA particular political or religious leader with whom people get attached due to his exceptional and supernatural qualities is called charismatic authority. Such people have great power to influence people.<\/h3>\n

Question 12.
\nHow technology can bring social change?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nTechnology refers to the use of sophisticated methods to fulfil material needs which is capable of bringing vast changes in the society.
\nIt changes the simple society into complex one. Social changes due to technology is being labelled as technological revolution.<\/h3>\n

Question 13.
\nHow was the word \u2018culture\u2019 derived?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe word \u2018culture\u2019 comes from the Latin word \u201ccolere\u201d which means to cultivate. It was used to refer to progressive refinement.<\/h3>\n

Question 14.
\nWhat is city?<\/h2>\n

Ans, A city is the core of metropolitan area. It has a large population, high density of population, heterogeneity, predominantly engaged in non-agricultural occupations.<\/h3>\n

Question i5.
\nWhat is a suburb?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nA suburb is a community situated just on the outskirt of a city having low population density and smaller population. It is located in the metropolitan area.<\/h3>\n

Short Answer Type Questions<\/h3>\n

Question 1.
\nWhat is social change?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nSocial change refers to the change in the system in which human social relationship remains organised, controlled and stable.
\nIt is a universal phenomena that the rate of change varies. It is community change and nature of change is influenced significantly by time factor.
\nSocial changes are of various types i.e.; growth, evolution, progress etc.
\nSocial changes are caused by changes in economy, social and environmental factors, technological factors and political status of that state.<\/h3>\n

Question 2.
\nState a few causes of crime in the society.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\n1. Biological factors: It is the result of heredity transmission.
\n2. Psychological factors: Frustration leads to aggression and aggression leads to crime.
\n3. Economic factors: Poverty big gap between classes, unemployment etc.
\n4. Geographical factors: Due to climate and seasonal changes.
\n5. Socio-cultural factors: Lack of proper education, broken homes.<\/h3>\n

Question 3.
\n\u201cSociety is not static phenomenon, instead it is subject to constant change.\u201d Discuss.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nSocial change is inevitable in social life and relationship.
\nEvolutionary theories views society as moving in a definite direction and cause changes.
\nSocial changes may occur in the internal or external aspects of the structure of society.
\nExternal change refers to changes in forms of family, marriage, class, caste and kinship etc.
\nInternal changes refer to changes in the norms and values of the society.
\nThe rate of change of internal aspects is always slow because the social norms, values and belief gradually become part of the core of personality.<\/h3>\n

Long Answer Type Questions<\/h3>\n

Question 1.
\nHow demographic factors, education and social legislation cause social change?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nPopulation growth, its size and composition cause social change.
\nWhen population starts multiplying, unemployment, housing, cleanliness and hygiene, poor economic condition, severe stress due to competition.
\nEducation is one of the core factors which has far reaching consequences on the evolution, revolution and progress of individual and society by and large.
\nModem educational system aims at imparting empirical knowledge.
\nEducation enables the members to participate effectively in social domains.
\nEducation can bring radical changes in the status of women.
\nModem education has brought significant changes in customs, traditions, superstitions and beliefs of people in the society.
\nSocial legislation has brought significant changes in society if it is supported by
\nsocial opinion.
\nAfter independence in India many legislations have been passed out. Of so many, a few could bring about significant changes e.g. legislation related to SCs and STs. But there are many which are unplemented. It could not bring about significant changes particularly in the rural society like \u2018Sharda Act\u2019 related to child marriage.<\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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