{"id":119215,"date":"2022-05-04T11:29:04","date_gmt":"2022-05-04T05:59:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/?p=119215"},"modified":"2022-05-04T11:29:04","modified_gmt":"2022-05-04T05:59:04","slug":"chapter-3-the-bases-of-human-behaviour-questions-and-answers-ncert-solutions-for-class-11-psychology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/education\/chapter-3-the-bases-of-human-behaviour-questions-and-answers-ncert-solutions-for-class-11-psychology","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 3 – The Bases of Human Behaviour Questions and Answers: NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Psychology"},"content":{"rendered":"

Question 1. How does the evolutionary perspective explain the biological basis of behaviour?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nEvolution refers to gradual and orderly biological changes that result in a species from their pre-existing forms in response to their changing adaptation demands of their environment.
\nPhysiological and biological changes that take place as a result of evolutionary processes are so slow that they become visible after hundreds of generations.
\nThree important features of modem human beings include:
\nA trigger and developed brain with increased capacity for cognitive behaviours (like perception, memory, thinking, reasoning, etc).
\nAbility to walk upright on two legs and
\nFree hands with a workable opposing thumb.
\nThe environmental demands had to biological and behavioral changes over a long period of time. In the human brain, the earliest to the most recent structures in the process of evolution are: Limbic system, brain stem and cerebellum are the oldest; and cerebral cortex is the latest developed.<\/h3>\n

Question 2.Describe how neurons transmit information.<\/h2>\n

Answer:Neuron is the basic unit of our nervous system. Neurons are specialized cells which convert various forms of stimuli into electrical impulses. They receive information from sense organs or from adjacent neurons, carry them to the central nervous system and bring motor information from the central nervous system to motor organs. Neurons transmit information with the help of dendrites, soma, axon and terminal buttons by converting stimuli into electrical impulses. This is done by the following method: Dendrites \u2014> soma \u2014> axon \u2014> terminal buttons
\nDendrites receive the informing neural impulses from adjacent neurons or directly from sense organs.
\nThe nerve impulse is then passed on the main body of the neuron i.e. soma.
\nFrom soma the impulse is passed on to the axon.
\nThe axon transmits the information\/impulse along its length to terminal buttons.
\nThe terminal buttons transmit the information to another neuron, gland or muscle.<\/h3>\n

Question 3. Name the four lobes of the cerebral cortex. What functions do they perform?<\/h2>\n

Answer :Four lobes of the cerebral cortex are:
\n(1) Frontal lobe (3) Temporal lobe
\n(2) Parietal lobe (4) Occipital lobe
\nFunctions of these four lobes are following:
\n1. Frontal lobe:
\nFrontal lobe is mainly concerned with cognitive functions, such as attention,thinking, memory, learning, and reasoning.
\nIt also exerts inhibitory effects on autonomic and emotional responses.
\n2. Parietal lobe:The Parietal lobe is mainly concerned with cutaneous sensations and their coordination with visual and auditory sensations.
\n3. Temporal lobe:
\nTemporal lobe is primarily concerned with the processing of auditory information.
\nMemory for symbolic sounds and words resides here.
\nUnderstanding of speech and written languages depends on this lobe.
\n4. Occipital lobe:
\nOccipital lobe is mainly concerned with visual information.
\nIt is believed that interpretation of visual impulses, memory for visual stimuli and colour visual orientation is performed by this lobe.<\/h3>\n

Question 4. Name the various endocrine glands and the hormones secreted by them. How does the endocrine system affect our behaviour?<\/h2>\n

Answer:Name and functions of the endocrine glands are following:
\nThe chemical substances secreted from the endocrine are known as HORMONES. These hormones influence the functions of the body and the course of its development and in the growth of personality.
\nEndocrine glands also control and regulate the individual\u2019s behaviour, for instance, when there is extra-supply of sugar in the blood-stream, certain ductless glands secrete insulin which reduces the sugar level in the blood to normal state.
\nEndocrine glands play role in co-ordinating the body activities. Like in sudden , fear or danger, secretion from the endocrine system is mixed with blood which brings widely diverse activities to help us face this situation.
\nThe different endocrine glands work intimately to maintain equilibrium and coordinate body functions. For instance, if one gland is secreting more than optimum, the other gland may secrete a hormone to reduce the excess hormone and maintain equilibrium.<\/h3>\n

Question 5. How does the autonomic nervous system help us in dealing with an emergency situation?<\/h2>\n

Answer:The autonomic nervous system helps in dealing with emergency situations with the help of its two divisions : Sympathetic division and Parasympathetic division.
\nSympathetic divisiondeals with emergencies when the action must be quick and powerful, such as in situations of fight or flight. During this period, the digestion stops, blood flows from internal organs to the muscles and breathing rate, oxygen.supply, etc. increases.
\nParasympathetic divisionis mainly concerned with the conservation of energy. It monitors the routine functions of the internal system of the body. When the emergency is over the sympathetic activation calms down the individual to a normal condition. As a result, all body functions like breathing rate, oxygen supply, etc. return to their normal level.<\/h3>\n

Question 6.Explain the meaning of culture and describe its important features.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nCulture:Culture refers to widely shared customs, believes, values, norms, institutions and other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generation.
\nCulture refers to \u201cthe man-made part of the environment.\u201d
\nIt comprises diverse products of the behaviour of many people, including ourselves. These products can be material objects (e.g. tools, sculptures), ideas (e.g. categories, norms) or social institutions (e.g. family, school).
\nCulture may be defined as a shared way of life of a group of socially interacting people and is transmitted from generation through socialization and related processes.
\nImportant features of culture are following:
\nCulture includes behavioural products of others who preceded us. It indicates both substantial and abstract particulars that have prior existence in one form or another.
\nIt contains values that will be expressed and a language in which to express them.
\nCulture characterized by sharing reflects presence and experience of cultural attributes psychologically.
\nCultural involves transmission of learned behaviour from one generation to the other within a community.<\/h3>\n

Question 7. Do you agree with the statement that \u2018biology plays an enabling role, while specific aspects of behaviour are related to cultural factors\u2019? Give reasons in support of your answer.<\/h2>\n

Answer:No doubt those biological factors do play enabling in determinants human behaviour. Biological factors basically set the limits but our behaviour is more complex then the behaviour of animal.
\nMajor reason for the complexity is the role of culture to regulate human behaviour.
\nWe can explain the concept with the help of two example hunger is a basic need of human beings as well as of animals but the way this need is gratified by human beings is extremely complex.
\nDifferent people in different cultures eat different things in a different manner e.g. directly with hand or with the help of spoons, forks and knives.
\nSexual behaviour can be taken as another example sex is a physiological need. The structure and functioning is determinant by biological mechanism but it expression is different in different culture.
\nAt the human level, we find evidence for a dual inheritance theory. Biological inheritance takes place through genes, while cultural inheritance takes place through memes.
\nThe former takes place in a \u201ctop-down\u201d manner (i.e. from parents to children)., while the latter many also take place in a \u201cbottom-up\u201d manner (i.e. from children to parents). Dual inheritance theory also shows that although biological and cultural forces may involve different processes, they work as parallel forces, and interact with each other in offering explanation of an individuals behaviour.<\/h3>\n

Question 8. Describe the main agents of socialisation.<\/h2>\n

Answer: Socialization is a process of social learning through which a child acquires the norms, attitudes, beliefs and behaviours that are acceptable in his\/her culture.
\nMain agents of socialization are following:
\n1. Parents:
\nParents have the most direct and significant impact on children\u2019s development.
\nParents encourage certain behaviours by rewarding them verbally (e.g. praising).
\nThey also discourage certain behaviours through non-approving behaviours.
\nThe conditions of life in which parents live (poverty, illness, job stress, nature of family) also influence the styles they adopt in socializing children.
\n2. School:
\nIn schools children learn not only cognitive skills (e.g. reading, writing, doing mathematics) but also many social skills (e.g. way of behaving with elders and age mates, accepting roles, fulfilling responsibilities).
\nSeveral other positive qualities such as self-initiative, self-control responsibility, and creativity are encouraged in schools.
\n3. Peer-Groups:
\nFriendship provides children not only with a good opportunity to be in company of others, but also for organizing various activities (e.g. play) collectively with the member of their own age.
\nQualities like sharing, trust, mutual understanding, role acceptance and fulfillment develop on interaction with peers.
\nDevelopment of self-identity is greatly facilitated by the peer groups.
\n4. Media-Influences:
\nThe exposure to violence on television enhances aggressive behaviour among children.
\nIn recent years media has also acquired the property of a socializing agent therefore children learn about many things from newspapers, television, books and cinema.<\/h3>\n

Question 9. How can we distinguish between enculturation and socialisation ? Explain.<\/h2>\n

Answer:Enculturation refers to all learning that takes place without direct, deliberate teaching.
\nIt refers to all learning that occurs in human life because of its availability in our socio-cultural context.
\nObservation is the key element of enculturation
\nThe contents are culturally shaped by our preceding generations. A major part of our behaviour is the product of enculturation.
\nSocialisation is a process by which individuals acquire knowledge, skills and dispositions, which enable them to participate as effective members of groups and society.
\nIt is a process that continues over the entire life-span, and through which one learns and develops ways of effective functioning at any stage of development. Socialisation forms the basis of social and cultural transmission from one generation to the next.<\/h3>\n

Question 10. What is meant by acculturation? Is acculturation a smooth process? Discuss.<\/h2>\n

Answer:Acculturation refers to cultural and psychological changes resulting from contact with . other cultures. Contact may be direct (e.g. when one moves and settles in a new culture) or indirect (e.g. through media or other means). It may be voluntary (e.g. when one goes abroad for higher studies, training, job, or trade) or involuntary (e.g. through colonial experience, invasion, political refuge).<\/h3>\n

Changes due to acculturation may be examined at subjective and objective levels.
\nAt the subjective level, changes are often reflected in people\u2019s attitude towards change. They are referred to as acculturation attitudes.
\nAt the subjective level, changes are often reflected in people\u2019s day to day behaviours and activities. These are referred to as acculturation strategies.<\/h3>\n

Question 11. Discuss the acculturative strategies adopted by individuals during the course of acculturation.<\/h2>\n

Answer:The following four acculturative strategies have been derived:
\nIntegration:It refers to an attitude in which there is an interest in both, maintaining one\u2019s original culture and identity, while staying in daily interaction with other cultural groups.
\nAssimilation:It refers to an attitude, which people do not wish to maintain their cultural identity, and they move to become an integral part of the other culture.
\nSeparation:It refers to an attitude in which people seem to place a value on holding on to their original culture, and wish to avoid interaction with other cultural groups.
\nMarginalization:It refers to an attitude in which there is little possibility or interest or interest in one\u2019s cultural maintenance, and little interest in having relations with other cultural groups.<\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Class 11 Psychology NCERT book solutions for Chapter 3 – The Bases of Human Behaviour Questions and Answers.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21830,"featured_media":119196,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-119215","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-education"},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/119215","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/21830"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=119215"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/119215\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":119216,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/119215\/revisions\/119216"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/119196"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=119215"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=119215"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=119215"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}