{"id":119988,"date":"2022-05-05T17:44:52","date_gmt":"2022-05-05T12:14:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/?p=119988"},"modified":"2022-05-05T17:44:52","modified_gmt":"2022-05-05T12:14:52","slug":"chapter-1-from-the-beginning-of-time-questions-and-answers-ncert-solutions-for-class-11-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/education\/chapter-1-from-the-beginning-of-time-questions-and-answers-ncert-solutions-for-class-11-history","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 1 – From the Beginning of Time Questions and Answers: NCERT Solutions for Class 11 History"},"content":{"rendered":"

Question 1.
\nLook at the diagram showing the positive feedback mechanism on page 13. Can you list the inputs that went into tool making? What were the processes that were strengthened by tool-making?<\/h2>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Answer:
\nAfter going through the positive feedback mechanism following points can be inferred:
\n(a) Inputs that helped in tool making:
\nIncreased brain size and capacity of brain
\nUpright walking
\nVisual surveillance long distance
\nWalking while foraging and hunting.
\n(b) The processes that were strengthened by tool making:
\nUpright walking
\nIncrease in size and capacity of brain
\nVisual surveillance, long distance walking while foraging and hunting.<\/h3>\n

Question 2.
\nHumans and mammals such as monkeys and apes have certain similarities in behaviour and anatomy. This indicates that humans have possibly evolved from the . apes. List these resemblances in two columns under the headings of
\n(a) behaviour and
\n(b) anatomy.
\nAre there any differences that are noteworthy?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nSimilarities
\n(a) Behaviour:
\nHumans
\nMonkeys and Apes
\n1. Humans can climb on trees.
\nMonkeys and apes can also climb on trees.
\n2. Mothers give birth to their young ones.
\nMonkeys also give birth to their young ones.
\n3. They can walk long distances.
\nThey can also walk long distances.
\n(b) Anatomy:
\nHumans
\nMonkeys and Apes
\n1. Humans are vertebrates.
\n1. They are also vertebrates.
\n2. Humans have two feet and two hands.
\n2. Monkeys and apes are also quadrupeds.<\/h3>\n

Question 3.
\nDiscuss the arguments advanced in favor of the regional continuity model of human origins. Do you think it provides a convincing explanation of the archaeological evidence? Give reasons for your answer.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nAccording to the Regional Continuity Model, the Homo sapiens evolved in different regions at different rates into modern humans. So there was a variation in the first appearance of modern humans in different parts of the world. It was based on the regional differences in the features of present day humans. The advocates of this view found that the dissimilarities are due to the differences between the Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis populations of the same regions.
\nThe Regional Continuity Model does not give a convincing explanation of the archaeological evidence.<\/h3>\n

Question 4.
\nWhich of the following do you think is best documented in the archaeological record: (a) gathering, (b) tool making and (c) use of fire?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nTool making is documented in the archaeological record.<\/h3>\n

Question 5.
\nDiscuss the extent to which: (a) hunting and (b) constructing shelters would have been facilitated by the use of language. What other modes of communication could have been used for these activities?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\n(a) Use of language helped hunting activities of human beings in numerous ways:
\nNow people are in a position of organizing and managing hunting expeditions
\nThey are now free to exchange their ideas about different animals in different regions.
\nThey could now discuss the nature and behavior of animals.
\nThey could now discuss regarding the types of tools to be used.
\n(b) Language helped in constructing shelters for early humans in the following ways:
\nNow people could discuss regarding secure and safe places for the construction of shelters.
\nNow people could gather information about the materials used in the construction of shelter.
\nInformation regarding resources in and around their surroundings can be easily obtained.
\nThey were now in a position to discuss the means to protect their shelters in severe conditions.
\nOther modes: Signs, symbols, cave paintings, engraving on walls and on the ceilings of caves were the other modes of communication used for various activities<\/h3>\n

Question 6.
\nChoose any two developments each from Timelines 1 and 2 at the end of the chapter and indicate why these are significant.
\nTimeline 1 (mya)
\n36-24 mya
\nPrimates; Monkeys in Asia and Africa
\n24 mya
\n(Superfamily) Hominoids; Gibbons, Asian orang-utan and African apes (gorilla, chimpanzee and bonobo or \u2018pygmy\u2019 chimpanzee)
\n6.4 mya
\nBranching out of hominoids and hominids
\n5.6 mya
\nAustralopithecus
\n2.6-2.5 mya
\nEarliest stone tools
\n2.5-2.0 mya
\nCooling and drying of Africa, resulting in decrease in woodlands and increase in grassland
\n2.5-2.0 mya
\nHomo
\n2.2 mya
\nHomo habilis
\n1.8 mya
\nHomo erectus
\n1.3 mya
\nExtinction of Australopithecus
\n0.8 mya
\n\u2018Archaic\u2019 sapiens, Homo heidelbergensis
\n0.19-0.16 mya
\nHomo sapiens (Modern humans)<\/h2>\n

Timeline 2 (years ago)
\nEarliest evidence of burials
\n300,000
\nExtinction of Homo erectus
\n200,000
\nDevelopment of voice box
\n200,000
\nArchaic Homo sapiens skull in the Narmada valley, India
\n200,000\u00ad
\n130,000
\nEmergence of modern humans
\n195,000\u00ad
\n160,000
\nEmergence of Neanderthals
\n130,000
\nEarliest evidence of hearths
\n125,000
\nExtinction of Neanderthals
\n35,000
\nEarliest evidence of figurines made of fired clay
\n27,000
\nInvention of sewing needles
\n21,000
\nAnswer:
\nDevelopments from Timeline-1
\nThe evidence of the first Hominids was found about 5.6 mya. The Hominids evolved from Hominoids. They had some common features. Hominids had larger brain than Hominoids. Hominids had an upright posture and bipedal locomotion. There was a marked difference in regard to hand. It helped them in use of tools.
\nAround 2.5 mya, large parts of the earth were covered with snow. There were major changes in the environment. It led to expansion of grassland.
\nDevelopments from Timeline-2
\nAround 200,000 years ago, the evolution of the voice box took place. After the evolution of voice box, now the man was about to speak and express his views.
\nAbout 27,000 years ago, the earliest evidence of figurines made of fired clay was also found. The invention of sewing machines made the life of people more comfortable.<\/h3>\n

Very Short Answer Type Questions<\/h3>\n

Question 1.
\nWhich sources enable us to understand the history of early humans?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe sources which enable us understand the history of early humans are stone tools, fossils, etc.<\/h3>\n

Question 2.
\nWhat do you know about Carl Fuhlrott?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nCarl Fuhlrott was a teacher and natural historian in Germany, Dusseldorf. He was handed over a skull and some skeletal fragments of early humans by workmen who were engaged in quarrying for limestone in the Neander valley region in August 1856.<\/h3>\n

Question 3.
\nName the book published by Charles Darwin. When was it published and what did he argue in it?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe book published by Charles Darwin was \u2018 On the Origin of Species\u2019. It was published on 24 November, 1859. In it, he argued about the evolution of mankind.<\/h3>\n

Question 4.
\nDefine \u2018Fossils\u2019.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe word \u2018Fossils\u2019 is used to describe the remains of very old plants, human beings or animals which have left their marks on the rock. These remains are preserved for many years.<\/h3>\n

Question 5.
\nWhat are the two differences between Hominids and Hominoids?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe differences between Hominids and Hominoids are as follows:
\nHominoids have a smaller brain as compared to Hominids.
\nHominids have an upright posture and bipedal locomotion while Hominoids are quadrupeds.<\/h3>\n

Question 6.
\nWrite any two evidences that Hominoids have African origin.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nEvidences which suggest that Hominoids have African origin are:
\nA group of African apes is closely related to Hominoids.
\nEarly Hominoids have been found in East Africa dated back to 5.6 mya.<\/h3>\n

Question 7.
\nTo which family does Hominids belong to?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nHominids belong to Hominidae family. This family belongs to all forms of human beings existing on the earth.<\/h3>\n

Question 8.
\nDescribe in brief the distinctive features of Hominids.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe distinctive features of Hominids are as follows:
\nThey have large brain size.
\nThey have bipedal locomotions and upright posture.<\/h3>\n

Question 9.
\nHow will you differentiate Hominoids from monkeys?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nHominoids are different from monkeys in following ways:
\nHominoids have a larger body.
\nThey do not have tails like monkeys.
\nThere is a longer period of development and dependency amongst Hominoids.<\/h3>\n

Question 10.
\nWhat are \u2018Genus\u2019? Name two important genus of Hominids.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nHominids are divided into different branches. They are known as genus. Two different genus of Hominids are Australopithecus and Homo.<\/h3>\n

Question 11.
\nDefine \u2018Species\u2019. How human species are differentiated from each other?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe term \u2018Species\u2019 is used to describe the group of organisms that can produce fertile offsprings. Human species are differentiated from each other on the basis of the structure of their bones.<\/h3>\n

Question 12.
\nWhen did glaciation phase come into being? What were its impact?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe glaciation phase is literally known as Ice Age. It came into being around 2.5 mya.
\nImpact:
\nTemperature started decreasing.
\nGrassland began to expand at the cost of forests.<\/h3>\n

Question 13.
\nHow have the fossils of human species been classified?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe fossils of human species have been classified by the scientists into three categories. These are:
\nHomo habilis
\nHomo erectus
\nHomo sapiens.<\/h3>\n

Question 14.
\nName two places where the fossils of Homo habilis have been discovered.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe places where the fossils of Homo habilis have been discovered are:
\nOmo (Ethiopia)
\nOlduvai Gorge (Tanzania)<\/h3>\n

Question 15.
\nWhere were the fossils of earlier Homo erectus found?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThey were found at following sites:
\nKenya
\nModjokerto
\nSangiran
\nJava<\/h3>\n

Question 16.
\nGive two examples where the names of the fossils are derived from. (HOTS)<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nHomo heidelbergensis: The species of Homo heidelbergensis have been discovered from German city Heidelberg.
\nHomo neanderthalensis: Its species have been found in Neander valley, Dusseldorf, a German city.<\/h3>\n

Question 17.
\nThe fossils of which Homo heidelbergensis have been widely distributed and where they are found? (HOTS)<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe fossils of Homo heidelbergensis have been widely distributed. They are found in different parts of Africa, Asia and Europe.<\/h3>\n

Question 18.
\nWrite any two differences between Australopithecus and Homo.<\/p>\n

Answer:
\nAustralopithecus and Homo are different from each other on account of the following reasons:
\nAustralopithecus has a smaller brain as compared to Homo.
\nAustralopithecus has heavier jaws and larger teeth as compared to Homo who have smaller jaws and teeth.<\/h3>\n

Question 19.
\nWho were Primates? When did they come into existence?
\nAnswer:
\nPrimates were a sub-group of a large group of mammals, i.e. monkeys, apes and humans. The Primates came into existence in about 36 mya.<\/h2>\n

Question 20.
\nWrite any two evidences to show that Hominids originated in Africa.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe following evidences suggest that Hominids originated in Africa:
\nAfrican monkeys are closely related to Hominids.
\nTheir earlier removing has been traced from Eastern Africa.<\/h3>\n

Question 21.
\nWhat is meant by Australopithecus? Why are the earliest human called so?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe word Australopithecus is derived from Latin word \u2018austral\u2019 means southern and a Greek word \u2018pithekos\u2019 which means \u2018apes\u2019. Hence, the word means southern apes (Southern Monkey). The earliest human is called so because he resembles them.<\/h3>\n

Question 22.
\nWhen and where were the traces of earliest Australopithecus found?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe traces of earliest Australopithecus were found from Olduvai Gorge by Mary and Louis Leaky on 17th July, 1959.<\/h3>\n

Question 23.
\nHow did early man obtain his food?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nEarly man obtained his food by gathering, hunting and fishing.<\/h3>\n

Question 24.
\nWhen did hunting begin? From where do we get its earliest evidence?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nHunting began about 500,000 years ago. We get the earliest evidence of hunting from Boxgrove in Southern England.<\/h3>\n

Question 25.
\nWhere is Dolni Vestonice? Why is it famous for?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nDolni Vestonice is in Czech Republic. It is famous for hunting sites.<\/h3>\n

Question 26.
\nWhat are artefacts?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nArtefacts are man-made objects, which include several kinds of articles such as tools, paintings, sculptures, etc.<\/h3>\n

Question 27.
\nWhen were the caves and open-air sites began to be used? From where do we get its evidence?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe caves and open-air sites began to be used around between 400,000 and 125,000 years ago. We get evidence of such sites from Lazaret cave in Southern France.<\/h3>\n

Question 28.
\nWhat are the advantages of living in caves? (VBQ)<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nAdvantages of living in caves are given below:
\nIt helped in protecting men from severe cold.
\nIt also protected them from the predators.
\nIt also protected them from the danger of wild animals.<\/h3>\n

Question 29.
\nFrom where do we find the pieces of baked clay and burnt bone along with stone tools?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nWe find the pieces of baked clay and burnt bones from Chesowanja, Kenya and Swartkrans. These tools are dated between 1.4 and 1 mya.<\/h3>\n

Question 30.
\nHow did the discovery of fire help early man?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe discovery of fire helped early man in the following ways:
\nIt helped him cook his food.
\nIt helped him protect from the danger of wild animals.<\/h3>\n

Question 31.
\nFrom where do we get the earliest evidence for making and use of stone tools? Who were earliest tool makers?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nWe get the earliest evidence for making and use of stone tools from two sites:
\nEthiopia
\nKenya
\nThe Australopithecus were the first or earliest stone tool makers.<\/h3>\n

Question 32.
\nHow do we notice the improvement in the technique for making tools for hunting wild animals? When did such changes occur?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nWith the use of stone tools like spear throwers, bow and the arrow, we notice the improvement in technique for making tools. Such changes occurred around 35,000 years ago.<\/h3>\n

Question 33.
\nWhen did spoken language emerge?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nSpoken language emerged as early as 2 mya. Its emergence has been seen closely connected with art.<\/h3>\n

Question 34.
\nWhere is Altamira cave site? Who brought these caves into notice and when?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nAltamira cave site is in Spain. The Altamira caves were brought into notice by Marcelino sanz de Sautuola and his daughter, Maria. The site came into notice in November 1879.<\/h3>\n

Question 35.
\nName a few places where cave painting depicting the pictures of animals have been found.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe cave painting depicting the pictures of animals such as bison, horses, deer, ma mmoths, lions, panthers, bear, owls, etc. have been found in Lascaux and Chauvet (Both in France) and in Altamira (in Spain).<\/h3>\n

Question 36.
\nDefine the concept of\u2018Anthropology\u2019.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nIt is a branch of science which deals with human culture and evolutionary aspects of human biology.<\/h3>\n

Question 37.
\nWho was Jame Woodbum?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nJame Woodbum was a famous anthropologist. He gave a new insight to Hadza group in 1960.<\/h3>\n

Question 38.
\nWhere did Hadza group live? Write any two features.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe Hadza group lived around Lake Eyasi.
\nFeatures
\nThey were mainly hunters.
\nThey never claimed over land as its resources.<\/h3>\n

Question 39.
\nWhat is Ethnography?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe study of contemporary ethnic groups is called Ethnography. It deals with examination of their modes of livelihood, rituals, customs and traditions.<\/h3>\n

Question 40.
\nWhen did people of different corners of the world begin to learn domestication of plants and animals?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nPeople of different corners of the world began to learn domestication of animals and plants around between 10,000 and 4,500 years ago.<\/h3>\n

Question 41.
\nWhen did last Ice age come to an end? What was its result?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nAbout 13,000 years ago, last Ice age came to an end. As a result of this favourable conditions for growing crops prevailed.<\/h3>\n

Question 42.
\nGive reasons to prove why the people living in Hadza did not face food scarcity.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nPeople living in Hadza did not face any food scarcity due to abundance of food items such as tuber, berries, fruits, etc.<\/h3>\n

Question 43.
\nWhat were the dietary habits of Hadza group?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe dietary habits of Hadza group included wild tubes, meat and honey.<\/h3>\n

Question 44.
\nList the wild animals hunted and consumed as meat by Hadza groups.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nHadza groups consumed the meat of zebra, giraffe, buffalo, shinoceor and waterduck, baboon, lion, leopard, hare and many more.<\/h3>\n

Short Answer Type Questions<\/h3>\n

Question 1.
\nWhat do you know about Java men? Why did scientists call them \u201cThe Erect Ape Men\u201d?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe remains of Java men were first discovered by a Dutch surgeon in Java. It included-a skull, a thigh bone and two teeth. The study of these remains depicts that the Java was half ape and half man. It is because his head (Java man\u2019s head) was set forward of the neck. The Java men were also called \u201cThe Erect Ape Men\u201d by the scientists because they could walk erect.<\/h3>\n

Question 2.
\nWho were Hominoids? When did they come into existence? Write their two unique characteristics.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nHominoids were the subgroup of primates.
\nThey came into existence about 24 mya.
\nCharacteristics
\nThey had smaller brain.
\nThey were unable to walk erect.<\/h3>\n

Question 3.
\nName two most important genus of Hominids. How they are different from each other?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nTwo most important genus of Hominids are, Australopithecus and Homo.
\nThe major differences between them can be identified by the size of their brain, jaws and teeth. It may be summed up as:
\nAustralopithecus have a smaller brain as compared to Homo.
\nAustralopithecus have also larger jaws and teeth as compared to Homo.<\/h3>\n

Question 4.
\nWhen and where do we get earliest evidence of bipedalism? What are the benefits of bipedalism? (HOTS)<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nWe get the earliest evidence of bipedalism from Laetoli Tanzania. They are also obtained from Hadar, Ethiopia. They are as early as dated back to 3.6 mya.
\nBenefits of Bipedalism
\nBipedalism helped early men to see objects from far off distance.
\nIt helped themselves in protecting from animals.
\nIt became easier to distinguish them from others quadalism (Movement of a quadruped).
\nWalk erect freed his two arms to carry out different tasks.<\/h3>\n

Question 5.
\nWhat do you know about Replacement and Regional Continuity Models?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe Replacement Model supports the view that the modem human beings originated in a single region, i.e. Africa. In support of this view, most of the scholars tried to correlate the anatomical and genetic similarity of modern humans. It indicates that their ancestors belonged to one region and from where they migrated to different parts of the world.
\nThe Regional Continuity Model supports the view that modem humans originated at several regions across Africa, Asia and Europe. To support their view the scholars tried to correlate the anatomical differences of modern humans which indicate that they belonged to different regions.<\/h3>\n

Question 6.
\nWrite any two features of Homo heidelbergensis and Homo neanderthalensis.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nTwo features of Homo heidelbergensis:
\nThey had a smaller brain.
\nThey had hairy growth on their body.
\nTwo features of Homo neanderthalensis:
\nThey had much larger head,
\nTheir height was short.<\/h3>\n

Question 7.
\nExplain the effects of changing environment around 12,000 years ago.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nAround 12,000 years ago, there was a change in the climate of the world. There was an increase in the temperature of their environment. It resulted into the development of grasslands in many regions which in turn led to an increase in the number of animals that ate grass like deer, antelope, goat, sheep, cattle, etc.<\/h3>\n

Question 8.
\nThe tools of earlier humans were made of which materials. Which tools survived the most? Write its uses also.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nEarlier humans used tools made of materials such as wood, stone and bones. The tools made of stones survived the most.
\nUses of Stone Tools: These tools were used:
\nTo cut meat.
\nTo scrape barks of tree and skins of the animal.
\nTo chop fruit, roots and wood.<\/h3>\n

Question 9.
\nDiscuss the difficulties faced by early men to get their food.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe early men were food-gatherers not food producers. They faced following difficulties in collecting food:
\nThe danger of wild animals.
\nTools to hunt the animals were not good in quality.
\nTo hunt animals, they tend to be alert, quick and had a lot of presence of mind.
\nThey were unable to find which season the fruit ripened.<\/h3>\n

Question 10.
\nWhere do we get the earliest evidence of planned hunting? What did it depict?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nWe get the earliest evidence of planned hunting from European site Dolni Vestonice, Czech Republic. This site is nearby a river and it is believed that it was deliberately used by people. During the autumn and spring seasons reindeer and horse crossed the river and killed or hunted by early human on a large scale. The selection of such site depicted that the people were well aware about the movement of birds and animals and able to kill (hunt) them in large numbers.<\/h3>\n

Question 11.
\nTrace the process of evolution of Homo habilis\u2019s growth.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe fossils of Homo habilis are dated back to 2.2 mya to 1.8 mya. Their fossils have been found from Omo (Ethiopia) and Olduvali Gorge (Tanzania). The size of their brain was bigger and were considered more intelligent than Australopithecus. They were able to use their hands dexterously. They were the first to make tools of stone. Their tools helped a lot during their hunting expedition. Their mutual understanding during hunting expeditions led to the growth of language.<\/h3>\n

Question 12.
\nHow did the use of language prove advantageous in hunting expedition?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe use of language proved advantageous in hunting expedition in the following ways:
\nIt helped men in organising hunting expeditions.
\nNow they became aware about the nature of animals and discussed how to hunt those particular animals.
\nThey could collect information about the specific regions where these wild animals resided.
\nThey could share information regarding tools meant-especially for hunting expedition.<\/h3>\n

Question 13.
\nHow did the use of language prove valuable in the construction of shelters?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe use of language proved helpful in the construction of shelters in following ways:
\nPeople could now secure places about their settlement.
\nThey became aware about resources available in near surroundings.
\nThey could discuss the ways of pattern of constructing their shelters.
\nThey could consider the ways and means to protect their shelters from predators and severe storms..<\/h3>\n

Question 14.
\nWhat do you know about cave paintings at Altamira?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nAltamira is a cave site in Spain. The paintings on the ceiling of the caves were first brought into notice of an amateur archaeologist Marcelino sanz de Sautuola and his daughter Maria in November 1879. Maria suddenly noticed the paintings on ceiling when his father was busy in digging the floor of the cave. She brought these paintings to the notice of his father. At first looking of the picture of oxen, he just laughed, but soon he realised that some sort of paste rather than the paint has been used for painting. Two decades later, his findings were dismissed by European archaeologists on the ground that they did not appear too good to be very old.<\/h3>\n

Long Answer Type Questions<\/h3>\n

Question 1.
\nWrite a description about the origin of human beings.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe story about the origin of human beings is very long and complicated. Different views in this regard have been given, and still the process of discoveries is going on. The chronological order of the number of events has changed due to new discoveries and excavations made so far. There is plenty of scope left for excavations. The early human passed through several stages of journey to become a modern man. The various stages which throw light on the story of progress made by man from the very beginning to the present days are given below.
\nPrimates: The early human came into being in Africa and Asia about 36-24 mya. They constitute a sub-group of a large group of mammals, such as monkeys, apes, and the humans. They had hair on their bodies and different kinds of teeth.
\nHominoids: They came into being about 24 mya. They had four legs and used to move on their four paws. The first portion of their bodies and legs were quite flexible but were unable to walk erect. Their body was different from the monkeys because they were comparatively larger and had no tail.
\nHominids: They belonged to hominidae family and came into existence about 5.6 \u2022 mya. Their earliest fossils were excavated at Laotoli and Hader (both in Africa). It is a clear evidence that they originated in Africa. Their fossils were also found outside Africa.<\/h3>\n

Question 2.
\nWhat do you know about early man\u2019s tools and weapons made by them? Which techniques were used to make these tools?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nEarly man\u2019s tools and weapons were made of stones. Early man used hard stones known as flint, along with other types of stones for making tools and weapons. Flint was the stone that was used for lighting fire. It was also found that these types of stones can be given desired shape. However, the tools that early man used were rough and unpolished. We get the earliest evidence for making and use of these stone tools from Ethiopia and Kenya. The Australopithecus were the first to make and use stone tools.
\nThe stone tools were made by using following techniques:
\nStone on Stone: In this technique, the pebble from which the tool was to be made was held in one hand and the second stone was used to strike off flakes from the first.
\nPressure Flaking: In this technique, the core was placed on a firm surface. The hammer stone was used on a place of bone or stone that was placed on the core to remove flakes that could be shaped into tools.
\nThe Punch Blade Technique: In this technique, the top of a larger pebble is removed by using hammer stone to produce a flat surface. This flat surface, thus so produced, is called striking platform. This is then struck using a hammer and a punch made of bone. It then leads to the production of blades. It also leads to formation of knives.<\/h3>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Question 3.
\n\u201cUndoubtedly the modern man-made tremendous progress since coming into being.\u201d Justify the statement. (HOTS)<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nModern man had several peculiarities which made him different from his predecessors. Modern man is most intelligent in comparison to forefathers on account of the size of his brain. Modern man-made tremendous progress. He began to construct his huts in addition to the caves wherein he dwelled earlier. He started to lead a settled life and began practicing agriculture. Now, he does not wander here and there in search of his food. He acquired knowledge how to cook food and also learnt how to store food grains and consumed it properly. He began to store food grains for his future use or used it when required during the time of natural calamity. He also used much superior tools, which helped him to safeguard himself from the wild predatory more effectively. The invention of needle helped him to wear stitched clothes. The development in the field of art and language made him more superior. So we can conclude that the modern man made great achievements in comparison to his forefathers.<\/h3>\n

Question 4.
\nDiscuss in detail about the places of residence of early humans.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe early humans lived on the branches of the trees. Between 400,000 and 125,000 years ago, the human beings began to live in caves and open air sites.
\nWe got the earliest evidence of living in caves from Lazaret cave in southern France. It measured 12 x 4 meters and revealed evidence of two hearths, several fruits, vegetables, seeds, nuts, eggs of animals and fishes.
\nDwelling in caves proved beneficial for him, as he could now protect himself from the danger of wild animals. Living in caves provided him natural refuge from severe stream and cold.
\nThe early humans began to live or dwell in huts around 125,000 years ago. It proved a significant step in early human\u2019s journey towards progress.
\nWe get the most significant evidence of the hut constructed by early humans at Terra Amata in Southern France. It was made up of thatch and its roof was made up of wood Reconstruction of hut at Terra Amata stone-flakes scattered on the floor.<\/h3>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Question 5.
\nWho were the first to use tools? How these tools used by early man were categorized?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nAustralopithecus were the first to use tools. About 35,000 years ago, we came across the evidence of a remarkable improvement in the method of hunting animals. It became clear from the event that a special type of spear was used to hunt animals.
\nThe tools used by early man can be categorized into three types. They are discussed under following heads:
\nHand-axes: They were used for pouncing. In the beginning, they were used without a handle, but later on wooden handle was attached to it. It was made possible to use them with much force.
\nChopper: They were made of heavy stones worked to a sharp edge in one direction only, and were most probably used for chopping meat.
\nFlake implements: They were used as knives and scrapers for finer works. For thousands of years of man\u2019s early history the only remains that we find are crude stone tools. These tools are often found lying along the terraces of rivers, or in the huts or caves where early man used to live and roam in search of wild animals. These tools made by him served many purposes such as skimming of dead animals, cutting their flesh, etc.
\nAbout 35,000 years ago new kinds of tools such as spear throwers, bow and arrow came into being.<\/h3>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Question 6.
\nDistinguish between Homo heidelbergensis and Homo neanderthalensis.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nHomo heidelbergensis
\nHomo neanderthalensis
\n(i) Their earliest fossils have been excavated from Heidelberg in Germany.
\n(i) Their earliest fossils have been excavated from Neander valley.
\n(ii) Their fossils were discovered in 1858.
\n(ii) Their fossils were excavated first in 1854.
\n(iii) Their fossils have been traced from Europe, Asia and Africa.
\n(iii) Their fossils have been traced from several countries across Europe, Western and Central Asia.
\n(iv) They had comparatively much larger brain, heavier jaws and much heavier limbs and hand.
\n(iv) They had much larger brain size.
\n(v) They had thick hair on the body.
\n(v) They also had similar features.
\n(vi) They belonged to Homo sapien species.
\n(vi) They also belonged to Homo sapien species.
\n(vii) They used to live in caves.
\n(vii) They used to dwell in caves.
\n(viii) Their fossils existed from 0.8-0.1 mya.
\n(viii) They existed from 130,000 to 35,000 years ago.<\/h3>\n

Question 7.
\nHow did early man procure his food? Explain.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe early man procured his food through a number of ways. Some of the ways are listed below:
\nGathering: For his food items, early man was totally dependent on nature. He was a pastoralist nomad, who kept on wandering. In the very beginning, he was a food-gatherer. He gathered eatables from trees and plants. The main food items were seeds, nut, fruit, etc. All these food items could be preserved. There is lack of evidence. The prominent role in food-gathering was played by women and children.
\nScavenging: The early man also procured his food through scavenging. They used to obtain food from the carcasses of those animals which had died naturally or had been killed by other larger animals. They were used to eat the meat of small birds, eggs and several kinds of insects.
\nHunting: To procure food through hunting was also one of the best methods of obtaining food. Hunting was mainly the domain of menfolk. They used to hunt the small animals individually, but in case of the hunting of large animals, group efforts were the key to success. They hunted wild animals such as wild horses, wild buffaloes, rhinoceros, bear, etc. They used spears and tools made of stone to hunt wild animals. We get the earliest evidences of well planned hunting and butchery of large animals from Boxgrove in Southern England and Schoningen in Germany. About 35,000 years ago, there is some evidence of planned hunting that comes from European sites. One such site of planned hunting is Dolini Vestonice in Czech Republic. This site was situated in close proximity to a river, where a number of animals came to drink water. Horses and reindeers were used to come here to drink and cross the river during autumn and spring migrations. Then they were hunted on large scale, by the early humans who were well aware about their movement.
\nFishing: Early man also obtained his food by fishing. They caught fish from rivers and ponds with their hands. Later on hooks and harpoons for catching fishes came into use.<\/h3>\n

Question 8.
\nDiscuss the progress made by early man in the field of art.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe early man was much interested in the field of art. He found that art is a unique
\nmethod to express his feelings. So, he tried his hands both in paintings and sculptures.
\n(i) Paintings: In the very beginning, the early man tried to express every thing which impressed him in his daily life. He was much impressed by seeing (observing) natural beauty, i.e. flora and fauna, the sun, the moon, stars, rivers, etc. and also fond of hunting. Hunting was the part of his daily routine. So he painted many pictures depicting the hunting theme. The paintings depicting hunting theme have been envisaged on the wall of the caves and ceiling on the walls. For example, the caves of Altamira, Lascaux, and Chauvet are specially well known. Altamira caves were discovered by Marcelino sanz de Sautuola and his daughter in 1879.
\nLascaux and Chauvet caves came into limelight in 1894. These caves have plenty of beautiful pictures.
\nMost of these paintings are of horses, bison\u2019s, mammoths, bears, leopards, owls, etc. Black, red, yellow and white colors have been widely used for engraving these paintings. A number of questions have been put forward regarding the above mentioned paintings.
\nScholars have different opinions in this regard. Some scholars are of the view that they painted these pictures to beautify the walls and ceilings on the caves while others put forward their argument as they did so to pass their knowledge from one generation to another.
\n(ii) Sculpture: Small-sized statues were built by early man, representing humans and animals. Most of the human statues were of women and recovered from several places in Europe. These female statues are called Venus goddess.<\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Class 11 History NCERT book solutions for Chapter 1 – From the Beginning of Time Questions and Answers.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21830,"featured_media":119989,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-119988","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-education"},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/119988","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/21830"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=119988"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/119988\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":119996,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/119988\/revisions\/119996"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/119989"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=119988"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=119988"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=119988"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}