{"id":120048,"date":"2022-05-09T11:15:39","date_gmt":"2022-05-09T05:45:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/?p=120048"},"modified":"2022-05-09T11:15:39","modified_gmt":"2022-05-09T05:45:39","slug":"chapter-4-the-central-islamic-lands-questions-and-answers-ncert-solutions-for-class-11-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/education\/chapter-4-the-central-islamic-lands-questions-and-answers-ncert-solutions-for-class-11-history","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 4 – The Central Islamic Lands Questions and Answers: NCERT Solutions for Class 11 History"},"content":{"rendered":"

Question 1.
\nWhat were the features of the lives of the Bedouins in the early seventh century?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe Bedouins were Arab tribes. The main features of their lives are as follows:
\nThey led a nomadic life.
\nThey were indulged in looting, plundering and internal quarrels.
\nThey were camel pastoralists and moved with their animals from oases to oases.
\nDate-palm and camel milk were their main diet.
\nTheir social organisation was based on independent tribes.<\/h3>\n

Question 2.
\nWhat is meant by the term \u2018Abbasid revolution\u2019?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe term \u2018Abbasid revolution\u2019 refers to the Dawa Movement initiated by Abu Muslim from Khurasan against the Umayyad dynasty. This revolution put an end to the Umayyad dynasty, which ruled from 661 to 750. With the fall of Umayyad dynasty in 750, the Abbasid came to power and ruled till 1258.<\/h3>\n

Question 3.
\nGive examples of the cosmopolitan character of the states set up by Arabs, Iranians and Turks.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nExamples of the cosmopolitan character of the states set up by Arabs, Iranians and Turks:
\nThe vast Arab empire was inhabited by the people of multi cultural identities, i.e. the Muslims, the Christians and the Jews.
\nThe Iranian empire witnessed for the development of Muslim and Asian culture.
\nIn Turkish empire, the Egyptian, Iranian, Syrian and Sudanian culture developed simultaneously.<\/h3>\n

Question 4.
\nWhat were the effects of the Crusades on Europe and Asia?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nEffects of the Crusades on Europe and Asia:
\nThe Crusades resulted in the fall of the authority of feudal lords in Europe and an increased power of the monarch.
\nThese Crusades also resulted into increase in the knowledge of the Europeans. They were surprised to see the progress made by the Muslims in the fields of art, science, and literature.
\nThere was great influence of the Italian mercantile communities in trade between the East and the West.
\nThese also led to change in the method of warfare. For defense purpose, new forts were constructed.<\/h3>\n

Question 5.
\nHow were Islamic architectural forms different from those of the Roman Empire?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nRoman architecture: The Roman architectural forms or buildings were solid and magnificent. These features were the key features of the Roman architectural form. It introduced two architectural features the arch and cupolas or domes. There were multi storeyed buildings with one raw arches standing over the another. Round arches were used in city gates, bridges, buildings and monuments of victory. The spread of Christianity gave a new impetus to the building of the Roman empire. St Sophia in Constantinople and buildings in Jerusalem stand witness to the Roman architectural skill.
\nIslamic architecture: Islamic architectural form represents the great architectural symbol of Islamic world. The Islamic art right from Spain to Central Asia represents some basic architectural features such as horse shoe arches, bubois, domes, minarets, columns and open courtyard. The Islamic architectural pattern of building built around the central courtyard was not only the key features of the mosques but also of sarai (built for carazans) and palaces. Calligraphy and geometric designs were also used to decorate architecture and manuscripts.<\/h3>\n

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Question 6.
\nDescribe a journey from Samarqand to Damascus, referring to the cities on the route.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nActivity-based Question. Students are advised to do it with the help of their teachers.
\nHint: While travelling from Samarqand to Damascus, a traveler would have to pass through many states. Some of these states are Transoxina, Khurasan, Iran, Iraq and Syria.<\/h3>\n

Very Short Answer Type Questions<\/h3>\n

Question 1.
\nMention a few sources which provide information about the history of central Islamic lands between 600-1200 CE.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThese sources are the following:
\nChronicles
\nBiographies
\nEye witness report
\nThe Quran
\nArchaeological evidences
\nSayings of Prophet Muhammad<\/h3>\n

Question 2.
\nWho was the founder of Islam?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe founder of Islam was Prophet Muhammad.<\/h3>\n

Question 3.
\nName the two main sects of Muslims.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe two main sects of Muslims are:
\n1. Shias and
\n2. Sunnis<\/h3>\n

Question 4.
\nWho was Tughril Beg?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nTughril Beg was the founder of Saljuq dynasty.<\/h3>\n

Question 5.
\nTo which tribe did Prophet Muhammad belong to? In which year did he attain enlightenment?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nProphet Muhammad belonged to Quraysh tribe. He attained enlightenment in 612 CE.<\/h3>\n

Question 6.
\nBy which name Hijri year is also known as? How many days are there in it?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nHijri year is also known as Lunar year. In a Hijri (Lunar) year there are 354 days.<\/h3>\n

Question 7.
\nName the first and second Khalifa of Muslims.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe first Khalifa of Muslim world was Abu Bakr and the second one was Umar.<\/h3>\n

Question 8.
\nWhen did Umayyad dynasty come into power? Name its last ruler.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe Umayyad dynasty came into power in 661 CE. Its last ruler was Marwan-II.<\/h3>\n

Question 9.
\nWhat do you know about the Battle of Karbala?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe Battle of Karbala was fought in 680 CE between Yazid\u2019and Hussain. In this, Yazid defeated Hussain.<\/h3>\n

Question 10.
\nWhen was Prophet Muhammad forced to migrate Mecca?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nProphet Muhammad was forced to migrate Mecca in 622.<\/h3>\n

Question 11.
\nWhen and between whom Battle of Camel was fought?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe Battle of Camel was fought between Ali\u2019s supporters and army led by Muhammad\u2019s wife Aisha in 657.<\/h3>\n

Question 12.
\nWho were Kharjis? What was their role?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nKharjis were the breakway group of Ali\u2019s followers. They were the sources of trouble for Arab state for half a century.<\/h3>\n

Question 13.
\nWho were Muslims?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe followers of Prophet Muhammad were called Muslims. They believed in the worship of one God, i.e. Allah.<\/h3>\n

Question 14.
\nWhere is Dome of Rock? Who built it?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe Dome of Rock is in Jerusalem. It was built by Abd-al-Malik.<\/h3>\n

Question 15.
\nDescribe the significance of Dome of Rock in brief.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nIt is one of the earliest major works of Islam.
\nIt is associated with the night journey of Prophet Muhammad to the heaven.<\/h3>\n

Question 16.
\nWho was the founder of Umayyad dynasty?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe founder of Umayyad dynasty was Muawiyash.<\/h3>\n

Question 17.
\nHow did the Abbasids dynasty legitimise their bid to power?<\/h2>\n

Answer;
\nThe followers of Abbas, the uncle of Prophet Muhammad were known as Abbasids. They promised to various Arab groups that a messiah from the Prophet would liberate them from the oppression of Umayyid regime.<\/h3>\n

Question 18.
\nWhat were the reasons for the weaknesses of Abbasid state in 9th century? (Write any two reasons).<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe reasons for the weaknesses of the Abbasid state in 9th century were:
\nTheir control over the distant province began to decline.
\nThe continuous conflict between Pro-Arab and Pro-Iranian groups in bureaucracy led to their weaknesses also.<\/h3>\n

Question 19.
\nWhat do you know about Rabia?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nRabia was the first woman Sufi saint. She was deeply religious. Her teachings had a deep impact on the heart and mind of the people.<\/h3>\n

Question 20.
\nWho were Turks? Write about them in brief.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nTurks were the nomadic tribes of central Asia. They were skilled warriors and horse riders. They joined Abbasid, Samand and Buyid administration as slaves and soldiers. They were raised to the high position on account of their loyalty and military skill.<\/h3>\n

Question 21.
\nWrite any two teachings of Islam.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nTeachings of Islam:
\nGod, i.e. Allah is one. He is omnipresent and omnipotent.
\nPeople should lead a simple life.<\/h3>\n

Question 22.
\nWho were Muslims? Which two things did they promise?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe people who accepted Prophet Muhammad\u2019s doctrines were known as Muslims. They promised:
\nThey were promised salvation on the Day of Judgement.
\nThey would be given a share of the resources of the community while on the earth.<\/h3>\n

Question 23.
\nDefine the term \u201cCaliph\u201d.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe term \u2018Caliph\u2019 means the successor of Prophet Muhammad.<\/h3>\n

Question 24.
\nHow was the institution of Caliphate created?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nProphet Muhammad attained salvation in 632 CE. After his death, there was no one, who could legitimately claim to be the next Prophet of Islam. No rule was made regarding the institution. That\u2019s why after his death Islamic authority was transferred to the Ulema. In this way, the institution of Caliphate was created.<\/h3>\n

Question 25.
\nName four Caliphs. How did they justify their power?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe four Caliphs were:
\nAbu Bakr
\nUmar
\nUthman
\nAli
\nThe Caliphs justified their power on the basis of their close association with the Prophet.<\/h3>\n

Question 26.
\nWrite any two objectives of the institution of Caliphate.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe main objectives of the institution of Caliphate were:
\nTo establish control over the tribes constituting the Ulema.
\nTo raise the resources for the welfare of the state.<\/h3>\n

Question 27.
\nWho was third Caliph? Why was he assassinated?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe third Caliph was Uthman. He was a Quraysh and appointed all his men to keep control. So the other tribes got annoyed and assassinated him. He was assassinated by a Kharji in a mosque at Kirfa.<\/h3>\n

Question 28.
\nWhy did Islam divide into two sects? Name these two sects also.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nDuring the reign of Khalifa Ali (650-661 CE) two battles were fought against those who represented the Meccan aristocracy. These two wars created a deep rift between the Muslims. As a result, they got divided into two sects:
\n1. Shias
\n2. Sunnis<\/h3>\n

Question 29.
\nDescribe in brief the significance of Muhammad\u2019s shift from Mecca to Madina.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nMuhammad shifted from Mecca to Madina in 622 CE. The significance of this shift is summed up under following heads:
\nIt is referred to in Arabic as \u2018Hijrat\u2019.
\nIt marks the beginning of the Islamic era.<\/h3>\n

Question 30.
\nWhy did Prophet Muhammad migrate to Madina?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nProphet Muhammad migrated to Madina on account of the following reasons:
\nHe faced stiff opposition from the Meccan since their faith differed from their regions and practices.
\nMeccan took offence to the rejection of the deities.
\nThe Meccans found a new religion a threat to the status and prosperity of Mecca.<\/h3>\n

Question 31.
\nWhy did Fatimids consider themselves as the sole rightful rulers of Islam?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nFatimid\u2019s belonged to the Islami sub-sect of Shias and considered themselves as the rightful rulers of Islam because they were the descendant of Fatima, the daughter of Prophet Muhammad.<\/h3>\n

Question 32.
\nHow did Arab bring Syria, Iraq and Egypt under their control?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nTaking the advantages of ongoing religious conflicts and revolts of the aristocracy, the Arab established their control over Syria, Iraq and Egypt in three successful campaigns which lasted from 637 to 642 CE.<\/h3>\n

Question 33.
\nName the four schools of Islamic law. Which is the most conservative among them?<\/h2>\n

\u00a0Answer:
\nThe four schools of Islamic law \u2018Mazhab\u2019 were:
\n1. Maliki
\n2. Hanafi
\n3. Shafii
\n4. Hanbali
\nThe most conservative among them was the Hanbali School of Islamic Law.<\/h3>\n

Question 34.
\nWhat did the history of Islamic world bring together?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe history of Islamic world brought together three aspects of human civilization politics, religion and community.<\/h3>\n

Question 35.
\nWhat are the twin objectives of Caliphate?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe two in objectives of the Caliphate are as follows:
\n1. To firmly establish control over the tribes constituting the \u2018umma\u2019.
\n2. To raise resources of the state.<\/h3>\n

Question 36.
\nWhat do you know about the Battle of Karbala?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nBattle of Karbala was fought in 680 between Yazid and Hussain. In this war, Hussain was defeated by Yazid.<\/h3>\n

Question 37.
\nName any four important literary works of Islamic world.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nFour literary works of Islamic world are as follows:
\n1. Kitab al-Bukhla
\n2. al-Qanun-fil-Tibb
\n3. Shahnama
\n4. Kalila Wa Dimna<\/h3>\n

Question 38.
\nBetween whom the Battle of Camel was fought?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe Battle of Camel was fought in 656 CE, between Calipha Ali and Aisha.<\/h3>\n

Question 39.
\nWho was the last Khalifa of Umayyad dynasty?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe last Khalifa of Umayyad dynast was Calipha Marwan II.<\/h3>\n

Question 40.
\nDescribe the importance of Nishapur in two sentences.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\n1. Nishapur was one of the most important centres of Perso-Islamic learning.
\n2. It was the birth place of Umar Khayyan.<\/h3>\n

Question 41.
\nBy whom and when was Tahir dynasty founded?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nTahir dynasty was founded by Tahirids in 820 CE.<\/h3>\n

Question 42.
\nWhen was the Great Mosque of al-Mutawwakil in Samara built?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe Great Mosque of al-Mutawwakil in Samara was built in 850. It is 50 metre high and made of bricks.<\/h3>\n

Question 43.
\nWhat do you know about Umar Khayyam?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nUmar Khayyam was a popular poet and astronomer. He made popular \u2018Rubai\u2019, a four line stanza.<\/h3>\n

Question 44.
\nWho wrote \u2018Shahnama\u2019? Describe its two features.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\n\u2018Shahnama\u2019 was written by Mahmud of Ghazni\u2019s court poet, Firdausi.
\nFeatures
\nIt is a collection of traditional legends and traditions.
\nThere are 60,000 couplets in it.<\/h3>\n

Question 45.
\nWhat is \u2018Sharia\u2019?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\n\u2018Sharia\u2019 is a body of Islamic sacred laws derived from the \u2018Quran\u2019, and the \u2018Hadith\u2019.<\/h3>\n

Question 46.
\nDescribe any two impact of Islam on the Arabian people.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\n1. Islam united the Arabian people politically.
\n2. It taught them the lesson of brotherhood.<\/h3>\n

Question 47.
\nDescribe in brief the incident, which helped in making of paper in Samarqand.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nIn 751, the Muslim governor of Samarqand took nearly 20,000 Chinese invaders into his captivity and brought them to Samarqand. Some of these prisoners were good at making paper. They helped in the making of paper in Samarqand.<\/h3>\n

Question 48.
\nDescribe in short the contribution of Arabs in the field of culture.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nIn the field of literature, Arabian Nights, Rubiayat and Firdausi\u2019s Shahnama are world famous.
\nThe architectural features of Arabs like the dome, the minaret\u2019s horse shoes, arches, twisted columns are magnificent examples of Arabian architecture.<\/h3>\n

Question 49.
\nWho was Ibn Sina?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nIbn Sina was a doctor by profession. He did not believe in the resurrection of the body on the Judgement Day.<\/h3>\n

Question 50.
\nWhat do you know about the great Mosque of Mutawwakil in Samara?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThis Mosque was built in 850. It is 50 metres high and made of bricks. It is inspired by Mesopotamian architectural traditions.<\/h3>\n

Short Answer Type Questions<\/h3>\n

Question 1.
\nWhat are the five pillars of Islam?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe five pillars of Islam are:
\n1. There is only one God, i.e. Allah.
\n2. Namaj should be offered five in a day.
\n3. Zakat should be given to the needy.
\n4. Fasts should be kept in the month of Ramzan.
\n5. All Muslims should take the pilgrimage to Mecca, at least once in their lives.<\/h3>\n

Question 2.
\nDescribe the main teachings of Islam.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nMain teachings of Islam are given below:
\nAllah should be worshiped.
\nNo Muslim should practice idol worship. It is a sin.
\nMuslims should believe that all Muslims are equal. They should regard themselves as brothers.
\nAll Muslims should follow the same rules regarding marriage and divorce.
\nAll Muslims should lead a simple life.<\/h3>\n

Question 3.
\nDescribe in brief how Prophet Muhammad\u2019s religion was a factor in the growth of Arab unity.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nProphet Muhammad\u2019s religion was a responsible factor in the growth of Arab unity as;
\nThe religion started by Him was denoted by a term Islam implied to complete submission.
\nHe told that there is only one God, i.e. Allah.
\nHe emphasised on the principles of equality and unity, for those who accepted Allah and the Prophet.<\/h3>\n

Question 4.
\nWhat do you know about Arab tribe? Write in short.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe entire Arab society was divided into tribes known as Qabila, headed by a chief. The chief of Qabila (Tribe) was elected on the basis of his family, wisdom and courage. Besides these, his personality also played a crucial role. Each tribe had its own religious beliefs. They worshiped their own gods and goddesses in mosques.
\nThe tribes were nomadic, and kept on moving from one region to another in search of food and fodder for their camels. Some of them settled and practiced trade or agriculture. Muhammad\u2019s own tribe was Qurayash who had reigned its supremacy in Mecca. It established its control over Kaba, a cublic like structure in which idols were placed. Even the tribes outside Mecca considered the Kaba installed their own idols at this shrine, making annual pilgrimage (Hajj) to the shrine.<\/h3>\n

Question 5.
\nWhat were Crusades? Describe its two impact on the Christian Muslim relations.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nCrusades meant the military expeditions. It was organized in western Christendom to recover the holy places of Palestine from Muslim occupation. The four Crusades were fought, as given below.
\n1. First Crusade \u2013 1095 to 1099 CE
\n2. Second Crusade \u2013 1147 to 1148 CE
\n3. Third Crusade \u2013 1189 to 1192 CE
\n4. Fourth Crusade \u2013 1202 to 1204 CE
\nImpact on Christian-Muslim relations
\nEver since the Crusade, the people of western Christendom developed a stereotypical and distorted Islamic image.
\nThese wars resulted in harsher attitude of the Muslim state towards its Christian subjects.<\/h3>\n

Question 6.
\nWrite any four factors responsible for the rise of Arab empire.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe following factors were responsible for the rise of Arab empire:
\nThe Arabs were skilled warriors.
\nThe Arabs were successful merchants, who maintained their trade relations with the far off countries.
\nThe spread of Islam in different countries, also helped them in consolidating their empire.
\nThey collected information from the available sources and developed it still further.<\/h3>\n

Question 7.
\nWhy did the early Caliph follow an expansionist policy? Which factors contributed to their success?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe early Caliph followed an expansionist policy because:
\nThey were well aware about the fact that \u2018Umma\u2019 could not be maintained but the modest income taken through trade and taxes.
\nThey realised that a rich booty could be obtained by expediting raids.
\nThe Byzantine and Sassarian empires patronised Christianity and Zoroastrianism respectively. On the eve of Arab\u2019s
\ninvasion both these empires began to decline. This provided an opportunity to the Arabs to expand their empire.
\nThe following factors contributed to their success:
\nArabs used camels which could work easily in desert regions.
\nBoth Byzantine and Sassarian empires were not in a position to face the determined challenges of Arab, because they were on the way to their decline.<\/h3>\n

Question 8.
\nDescribe some features of administrative structure of Arabs under the early Khalifa.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nFeatures of administrative structure:
\nArab states were headed by governors called amirs and the tribal chieftains called ashraf.
\nTax paid by the Muslims and the share obtained from the booty were the main sources of income for the central authority.
\nThe ruling class and the soldiers (who participated in the raids) received their share in the booty and monthly payment.
\nThe non-Muslims residing in the Arab administration had to pay taxes. These taxes were Jaziya and Kharaj.
\nChristians and Jews were declared as protected citizens. Both were given autonomy in conducting communal affairs.<\/h3>\n

Question 9.
\nWrite in brief about the contribution of the Arab civilization to the world in the field of science.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe Arab astronomers proved that earth is round and it revolves round the sun.
\nThey discovered compounds like sodium carbonate, silver nitrate, nitric and sulphuric acids.
\nIn the field of mathematics, they excelled in numbers and trigonometry. They spread this knowledge to other parts of the world.
\nTwo great Arab physicians Al-Razi and Ibn Sina told about small-pox and tuberculosis.<\/h3>\n

Question 10.
\nList the responsible factors which enabled the Umayyad to come to power.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe Umayyad dynasty was founded by Muawiya in 661 CE. Between the years 661- 750 all Caliphs were from Umayyad dynasty. Following factors enabled Umayyads to coming into power.
\nWith the territorial expansion, the Umma unity was broken up.
\nConflicts over the distribution of resources began to increase among the Umma.
\nThe Meccan character of the early Islamic state by Uthman, who packed his administration with his own men, to his exclusion of other tribes men, to secure greater central.
\nOpposition of tuber men in Iraq and Egypt combined with opposition in Medina, led to assassination of Uthman. After his assassination Ali became the fourth Caliph. The rifts deepened and after his assassination Muwaiya successfully made him the next Caliph, to exclusion of Ali\u2019s son Hussain, founding Umayyad dynasty.<\/h3>\n

Question 11.
\nWrite an evolutionary note on the regime of the fourth Caliph, Ali.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nAli was the fourth Caliph. He fought two wars against those who were representing the aristocracy of Mecca. As a result of these wars, the rifts among the Muslims depened. Later on his supporters and enemies got divided into two sects. These two sects were: Shias and Sunnis. Ali established himself at Kufar and defeated Aisha\u2019s (Muhammad\u2019s wife) army in the Battle of Camel in 657.
\nAlthough Ali won this war but he was unable to suppress the group led by Muawiya, a kinsman of Uthman and the governor of Syria. Then he fought another war with him at Siffin, which ended in a truce. After the War of Siffin, Ali\u2019s followers got divided into two groups. Some remained loyal to them, while others who left them came to be known as Kharjis.<\/h3>\n

Question 12.
\nDuring Abbasids, Arab influence began to decline. Why?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nDuring Abbasids, the Arab influence began to decline on account of the following reasons:
\nThe Abbasids established their capital at Baghdad, near the ruins of ancient Iranian metropolis, Ctesiphon. As a result of this, the Iranian influence of culture began to increase under Abbasids.
\nThe Abbasids ruler strengthened the religious status and functions of the caliphate and patronized Islamic institutions and scholars.
\nThe army and bureaucracy were recognized on a non-tribal basis to ensure greater participation by Iraqi and Khuraseni.
\nThe Abbasids maintained the magnificent imperial architecture of Umayyads. They also elaborated court ceremonials of Umayyads.<\/h3>\n

Question 13.
\nThe Umayyads sought to legitimize their rule. Explain by giving examples.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe Umayyads sought to legitimize their rule by protecting themselves as religious leaders and always appealed for unity and suppressed their rebels on the name of Islam. They too wanted to retain their social identity.
\nThe Umayyad Sultan Abd-al-Malik replaced Greek and Pahlavi with Arabic as the language of administration. Now the use of Arabic became compulsory for administrative purposes.
\nHe also replaced gold dinar and silver dirham circulations.
\nHectic building activities were undertaken that were related to the mosques and palaces.<\/h3>\n

Question 14.
\nWere the Abbasid rulers able to abolish monarchy?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nAbbasid rulers were unable to abolish monarchy, because the needs of Government and the empire forced them to retain centralized army. The Abbasids who claimed to bring downfall of monarchy, established monarchy again by maintaining magnificent imperial architecture and court ceremonies initiated by the Umayyads.<\/h3>\n

Question 15.
\nWhich factors were responsible for contributing unity among Islamic society between 950-1200 CE?
\nOr
\nWhich factors contributed to the unity of Islamic society between 950-1200 CE?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe following factors contributed to the unity of Islamic society between 950\u20141200 CE:
\nThese societies were bound together by common cultural and economic patterns.
\nThe state was separated from the society.
\nThe Persian developed as a common language which brought the people together.
\nMerchants, artists and scholars all moved freely within the Central Islamic land, which led to circulation of new ideas and thoughts.The population of Muslim began to increase enormously. It was earlier less than 10% under the Umayyad and early Abbasid period.<\/h3>\n

Question 16.
\nWhich factors contributed to commercial prosperity of the Central Islamic land?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nFollowing factors contributed to the commercial prosperity of the Central Islamic land:
\nIslamic land was politically unified as a result of increasing urbanization.
\nThis land was spread between the trading zones of the Indian oceans and Mediterranean.
\nIncreasing flow of pilgrims to Mecca was also considered as an important factor.
\nTowns such as Baghdad and Damascus developed as warehouse centers for local consumption or onward transmission of high value goods such as textiles, gunpowder, spices, porcelain shipped from India to China to Bed Sea and Gulf parts of Siraf and Basra.<\/h3>\n

Question 17.
\nWrite about the importance of Shahnama.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nShahnama is a great historical political work of Firdausi. It is an epic of 50,000 couplets and also a masterpiece of Islamic literature. It took nearly 30 years to complete. Ghazni, became the centre of Persian literary life. The rulers of Ghazni also patronised art and learning for enhancing their prestige. Shahnama is a collection of traditions and legends which depicts Iran from creation up until the Arab conquest. According to Ghaznavi tradition, Persian later became the language of administration and culture in India.<\/h3>\n

Question 18.
\nHow did Caliphate break up in the Arab Empire? Explain.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nFrom 9th century, the Abbasids state became weaker due to decline of Baghdad\u2019s control over distant provinces and continuous struggle between pro-Arab and pro- Iranian groups in the army and bureaucracy.
\nIn 810, a civil war broke out between the supporters of two sons (Amin and Mamum) of the Caliph Harun-al-Rashid. This war created a new power block of Turkish slave officers. For the orthodoxy of power, the Shias started competing with Sunni. As a result of this, many new dynasties like Tahirid, Saminids and Tuluminds came into being.
\nAs a result of this, the Abbasid power got limited to the areas of central Iraq and western Iran. The Buyids captured Baghdad in 945 CE, which ended Abbasid supremacy.<\/h3>\n

Question 19.
\nDescribe the distribution of agricultural land in the conquered territories by the Arabs from the aspect of ownership.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe Arabs mainly practiced agriculture in the territories conquered by them. The Islamic states did not make any changes in it. Both small as well as the large land\u00acowners were the owners of the land. In some cases the land was also owned by the state.
\nIn Iran, the land was divided into very larger units, cultivated by peasants. Estate owners were given the responsibility of land revenue collection on behalf of the state during the Sassanian and Islamic periods. Land was a common property. In villages, people practiced both nomadic and settled agriculture. After Islamic conquests some changes began to take place. Big estate acquired by the state began to abandon by their land owners. Now they were handed over to the Muslim elites, especially to those who were the members of Caliph\u2019s family.<\/h3>\n

Question 20.
\nWhat was the center of Abbasid uprising? Why did it take place? Give reasons.
\nOr
\nWrite any four arguments to support the concept of Abbasid Revolution.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe Umayyad dynasty was brought down by a well-organised movement called \u2018Dawa\u2019. It was then replaced by Abbasids in 750. The main center of their uprising was the distant region of Khurasan.
\nMain Reasons
\nMobilisation of the mixed Iranian population for various reasons.
\nThe Umayyad projected themselves rested on force and loyalty of Syrian troops which resented the Arab soldiers.
\nThe Arab civilians disliked the Umayyad regime for failure to unfulfill their promises.
\nUmayyad regime was portrayed as an evil by the Abbasids.<\/h3>\n

Question 21.
\nWhat were the reasons for the break up of the Caliphate and rise of the concept of Sultanate?
\nOr
\nElaborate a few causes for the break up of Caliphate and the rise of the concept of Sultanate.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe downfall of the Abbasid dynasty paved the way for the rise of the concept of Sultanate. The causes mainly responsible were:
\nThe successors of almamun were very weak and incapable.
\nThey paid no heed towards the administrative affairs. Under such circumstances the downfall of the Caliphate was sure.
\nThe Caliph paid no attention towards their army.
\nThey were leading a life full of luxury and paid no attention towards the problems of common people.<\/h3>\n

Long Answer Type Questions<\/h3>\n

Question 1.
\nDescribe the major beliefs and practices that characterized Sufism.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nSufi\u2019s were a group of religious minded people turned to asceticism and mysticism.
\nTheir major beliefs and practices are given below:
\nThe Sufi\u2019s laid emphasis on seeking of salvation through devotion of God.
\nThey laid emphasis on celibacy and ignored the rituals and observed extreme form of asceticism.
\nThey considered every one equal in the eyes of God. God is one and almighty. Everyone in the universe is his creation.
\nThey interpreted the Quran on the basis of their own experiences.
\nThey maintained a distance from worldly power.
\nThey used to go for Ziyarat. They remembered God by reciting the divine names or evoking his presence through Sama.
\nThey regarded Prophet Muhammad as a perfect human being and preached to follow his teachings.
\nSufi\u2019s were in favor of Sama, singing and dance.<\/h3>\n

Question 2.
\nWhat do you know about the main teachings of Islam?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nMain teachings of Islam:
\nIdol-worship is a curse, according to Islam.
\nGod, i.e. Allah is almighty. He is all wise and merciful.
\nIslam believes in life after death, in hell or in heaven. The sinner will go to the hell and face many hardships. The religious and honest people will go to the heaven. They will be served by beautiful damsels.
\nThe Quran is the divine book of Islam. The sayings of Prophet Muhammad are regarded as God.
\nAll are equal. No one is superior or inferior. Islam preached the principle of equality and brotherhood.
\nThere is no restriction on keeping slaves in Islam, but Muhammad asked his followers to treat them kindly.<\/h3>\n

Question 3.
\nWrite your argument to justify the following statement:
\n\u201cProphet Muhammad laid down the foundation of a new political structure.\u201d<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nProphet Muhammad laid down the foundation of a new political structure as:
\nHe replaced the tribal organisation with a state. The state was encompassed with a number of tribes.
\nUmma constituted the armed forces.
\nHe was a religious leader as well as a law-giver.
\nHis followers (The Umma) were converted into a wide community to include polytheists and Jews of Madina.
\nThe conquest of Mecca established him both as a religious as well as political leader.
\nHe maintained the independence of the state by fixing the booty to l\/15th (which directly went to him).
\nTax like \u2018Zakat\u2019 was imposed on tribes who had accepted Muhammad\u2019s leadership. All Muslim tribes had to pay it.
\nWith his efforts and influence, he was able to convert many Bedouins into Islam. In a short span of time, he was able to unite a large part of peninsula.<\/h3>\n

Question 4.
\n\u201cThroughout the history of human beings their interest in religion often went hand in hand\u201d. Justify the statement by giving examples.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nFrom the very beginning, evidence has been traced out that Indian traders traveled to the different countries of South East Asia for trade in gold, tin, spices, etc. While travelling and trading to these nations they also took with them the ideas and practices of the religion. The ideology of Buddhism and Hinduism became the part and parcel of their culture. These two religions were adopted by the people of Jawa, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, etc.
\nThe Arab traders in the medieval period established their trade relations with India and many other countries of Europe and Asia. They carried with them the ideas of newly founded religion, i.e. Islam. Due to its simplicity in principle, Islam was adopted by many Indians and in the same way it spread into Spain, Syria, Iran and Iraq.
\nThe traders of the western countries, i.e. the traders of England, Holland, France, etc. spread their trading relations in many countries. They brought with them the ideas of Christianity. While trading, they also spread Christianity into different countries. Today this religion is adopted by the people of different countries of Asia and Africa.Keeping the above examples in mind, we can conclude that throughout the history human being\u2019s interest in religion went hand in hand.<\/h3>\n

Question 5.
\nDiscuss the main sources of income of the state in detail.
\nOr
\nWhat do you know about agriculture of the Central Islamic lands?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nAgricultural was the main occupation of the settled population, since long. It also remained a major occupation in newly acquired territories. The bulk of income of the state was derived from the agricultural land.
\nLand was owned by the small and big farmers and in some cases by the state. After Islamic conquests, big estates were abandoned and acquired by the state. Later on these states were handed over to Muslim elites. The chief among them were the members of Khalifa\u2019s (Caliph\u2019s) army.
\nThe land conquered by the Arabs, which remained in the hands of the owners were subjected to a tax, called Kharaj, varied from 1\/2 to 1\/5th of the produce. While the land cultivated by the Muslims were levied 1\/10th of tax, known as ushr as land
\nrevenue. When non-Muslims started converting to Islam, the land revenue income fell dramatically. To meet the shortfall, the Caliphs decided to discourage the conversions and later adopted a uniform land revenue policy.
\nAfter 10th century, the state authorised its officials to claim salaries from the agricultural territories called Iqtas (The person who held the Iqtas came to be known as Iqtadars). Agricultural prosperity and political stability went hand-in-hand. To ensure agricultural prosperity it took several measures such as canals were constructed, dams were built, the digging of wells, etc. were done. Tax concessions were granted to those people who brought land under cultivation. By the initiatives of peasants and state support the agriculture began to increase. Many new crops such as cotton, oranges, bananas, watermelon, spinach and brinjal began to grow and even exported to Europe.<\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Class 11 History NCERT book solutions for Chapter 4 – The Central Islamic Lands Questions and Answers.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21830,"featured_media":119989,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-120048","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-education"},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/120048","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/21830"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=120048"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/120048\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":120052,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/120048\/revisions\/120052"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/119989"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=120048"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=120048"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=120048"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}