{"id":120063,"date":"2022-05-09T11:57:48","date_gmt":"2022-05-09T06:27:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/?p=120063"},"modified":"2022-05-09T11:57:48","modified_gmt":"2022-05-09T06:27:48","slug":"chapter-7-changing-cultural-traditions-questions-and-answers-ncert-solutions-for-class-11-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/education\/chapter-7-changing-cultural-traditions-questions-and-answers-ncert-solutions-for-class-11-history","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 7 – Changing Cultural Traditions Questions and Answers: NCERT Solutions for Class 11 History"},"content":{"rendered":"

Questions 1.
\nWhich elements of Greek and Roman culture were revived in the 14th and 15th centuries ?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe religious, artistic and literary elements of Greek and Roman culture were revived in the 14th and 15th centuries.<\/h3>\n

Questions 2.
\nCompare details of Italian architecture of this period with Islamic architecture.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nFollowing are the points of comparison:
\nHuge buildings were constructed under both the Italian and the Islamic architectures.
\nDecoration was prominent in both the styles.
\nArch and pillars were the important characteristics of both the Italian and the Islamic architectures.
\nBeautiful cathedrals and monasteries were constructed in Italian architecture, whereas large and magnificent mosques were constructed under the Islamic style of architecture.<\/h3>\n

Questions 3.
\nWhy were Italian towns the first to experience the ideas of humanism?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe towns of Italy were the first to experience the ideas of humanism because of the following reasons:
\nEducation spread in Italy by the 13th and 14th centuries.
\nHumanism as a subject was first taught in Italian schools, colleges and universities. Italian people were made aware of humanist views and ideas.
\nUniversities were first of all developed here to spread education.
\nA number of classical books were composed by Roman and Greek scholars.<\/h3>\n

Question 4.
\nCompare the Venetian idea of good government with those in contemporary France.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nVenice was an Italian city. This city was free from the influence of the church and feudal lords. In Venice, bankers and rich merchants played a significant role while there was absolute monarchy in France. In France, common people were deprived of their rights.
\nShort Essay<\/h3>\n

Question 5.
\nWhat were the features of humanist thought?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nHumanist thought laid stress on skills and ideas that were developed by individuals through debate and discussions. These revolutionary ideas attracted attention of many other universities particularly in the newly established university in Petrarch\u2019s native town, Florence. The humanist thought increased dignity of human beings. Humanism embodied the mystical and aesthetic temper of a pre-scientific age. It laid stress on logic, natural science and metaphysics. It laid emphasis not only on intellectual learning, but also on physical and moral development. Humanism relied on flexible thinking. After Petrarch, the humanist philosophy spread first through Italy, then into other parts of Europe. Humanist thought was reflected in contemporary art and architecture. Petrarch represented conservative Italian humanism.
\nHumanism embodied the mystical and aesthetic temper of a pre-scientific age. The intellectuals of antiquity were relatively unconcerned about the supernatural world and the eternal destiny of the soul. They were mainly interested in a happy, adequate and efficient life on earth.
\nThe leading intellectual trait of the era was the recovery of the secular and humane philosophy of Greece and Rome. The writings of Dante and particularly the doctrines of Petrarch and humanists like Machiavelli emphasized the virtues of intellectual freedom and individual expression. In the essays of Montaigne, the individualistic view of life received the most persuasive and eloquent statement in the history of literature and society. Leonardo daVinci\u2019s \u2018The Last Supper\u2019, Mona Lisa, Michelangelo\u2019s The Last Judgement, Fall of Man and Raphel\u2019s Madonna were the important works.<\/h3>\n

Question 6.
\nWrite a careful account of how the world appeared different to seventeenth century Europeans.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nRenaissance movement brought about rational and scientific approach in the life of mankind. But the world appeared quite different. Scientists used the methods of experimentation, observation and new thoughts. It was just contrary to Christian beliefs.
\nScientific discoveries of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler and Isaac Newton brought about new changes in the world. The Italian scientist Galileo invented telescope. Newton gave the theory of gravitation. He systematized scientific valuations about the universe. Copernicus, tried to prove that the earth rotates round the sun. Marco Polo\u2019s invention of the compass made voyage easier. The explorations of the sailors like Vasco da Gama, Columbus etc. led to discoveries of new lands. Their explorations revolutionized trade.
\nThe invention of the printing press made books available to the people in various towns and cities. Rome, Florence and Venice became the centers of art and learning. Many artists, scholars and writers were patronized by the rich people in the cities and towns. Town became the center of art and learning activities. Thomas Moore\u2019s \u201cUtopia\u201d ridiculed the malpractices of the contemporary society. On above basis, it can be said that the world appeared different to 17th century Europeans.<\/h3>\n

Very Short Answer Type Questions<\/h3>\n

Question 1.
\nWhat do you mean by Renaissance? From where did it start?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe meaning of Renaissance is rebirth. It is a French word. It gave a new dimension to art and culture and created awareness among the people. It started from Italy.<\/h3>\n

Question 2.
\nWho made the first Printing press?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nJohannes Gutenberg made the first printing press.<\/h3>\n

Question 3.
\nWho was \u2018Renaissance Man\u2019?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe term \u2018Renaissance Man\u2019 stood for the person who had interest in various fields, skills and innovations. Many individuals of the Renaissance period had deep interests in art and culture.<\/h3>\n

Question 4.
\nMention a few reasons that were responsible for the emergence of Renaissance.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nFollowing reasons were responsible for the emergence of Renaissance:
\nEmergence of middle class.
\nGrowth of printing press and literature.
\nFall of feudalism.<\/h3>\n

Question 5.
\nWhat was the status of women in business families?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nIn business families, the women used to co-operate with their husbands. They looked after the business because their husbands were away from work.<\/h3>\n

Question 6.
\nName a few who played a crucial role in bringing<\/h2>\n

Renaissance movement.
\nDante
\nErasmus
\nPetrarch
\nThomas Moore<\/h3>\n

Question 7.
\nWho was Martin Luther?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nMartin Luther was one of the greatest exponents of the reformation of Catholic Church. He vehemently opposed the excesses of the church.<\/h3>\n

Question 8.
\nHow did the invention of printing press prove a deciding factor for the Renaissance movement?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nIt made people aware of new literature.
\nIt played an important role in awakening of people.
\nIt provided intellectual knowledge.<\/h3>\n

Question 9.
\nWho was Michelangelo?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nMichelangelo was a great artist of Renaissance. \u201cThe Fall of the Man\u201d and \u201cThe Last Judgement\u201d are considered to be the masterpieces of art throughout the world. His paintings gave deep interpretation to human life and humanity.<\/h3>\n

Question 10.
\nWho was Ibn Rushd?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nIbn Rushd was the philosopher of Spain. He made an attempt to resolve the differences between philosophical knowledge and religious beliefs.<\/h3>\n

Question 11.
\nWhat had the students in universities to do prior to the starting of printing?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nBefore the start of printing, the students had to read a few hand written copies or texts of manuscript. It was very difficult to make available every student a copy of that text.<\/h3>\n

Question 12.
\nWho was Andreas Vaselius?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nAndreas Vaselius (1514-64) was a professor of medicine in Padua University. He dissected the human body. It led to the beginning of modern physiology.<\/h3>\n

Question 13.
\nWhat do you understand by realism?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nAnatomy, physics, geometry and a sense of beautification gave a new form to Italian art. Later on, it came to be known as realism.<\/h3>\n

Question 14.
\nWhat was the name of the book composed by Jacob?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy.<\/h3>\n

Question 15.
\nWhen was humanism adopted in curriculum of the universities in Italy?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nHumanism was adopted in curriculum of the universities in Italy during 14th century.<\/h3>\n

Question 16.
\nWhat do you understand by classical architecture?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nDuring the period, the Roman history was read and the remains were dug up by archaeologists. It inspired a new style of architecture that was revival of the imperial Roman style. It was called classical architecture.<\/h3>\n

Question 17.
\nWho was Thomas Moore?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThomas Moore was a great writer of England. \u2018Utopia\u2019 was his literary masterpiece.<\/h3>\n

Question 18.
\nWhat do you know about Ptolemy\u2019s \u2018Almagest\u2019?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nPtolemy\u2019s Almagest was a work on astronomy. It was written in Greek before 140CE. Later it was translated
\ninto Arabic.<\/h3>\n

Question 19.
\nWrite any two features of humanist thought.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nTwo features of humanist thought were:
\nTo encourage dignity of humans beings.
\nFreedom of human life from control of religion.<\/h3>\n

Question 20.
\n\u2018All men are bad and ever ready to display their vicious nature\u2019. Who said this and why?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nIt was said by Machiavelli. He was of the opinion that human desires are insatiable and he was motivated to face every fair and unfair means to meet them.<\/h3>\n

Question 21.
\nWhat kind of impression do you get about the status of women in business families?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nWomen were very supportive. They co-operated their husbands in every bit of business. In families of merchants and bankers , wives looked after the business when the male members were away on work.<\/h3>\n

Question 22.
\nWhat were the thoughts of Balthasar Castiglione?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nBalthasar Castiglione was an author and diplomat. She wrote a book named, \u201cThe Courtier in which she defined the potentials of men and women and suggested women to bear certain delicate tenderness with an air of feminine sweetness in all their gestures and actions whatever they do.<\/h3>\n

Question 23.
\nWhat was the view of German reformers in regard to salvation?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nAccording to German reformers, salvation can be attained only when all kinds of social oppression is ended. They opined that God has created all people equal and they were not supposed to pay taxes and had the right to choose their priests.<\/h3>\n

Question 24.
\nWhat was the view of the Christians about the earth?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe Christians believed that the earth was at the center of universe around which moved the celestial planets .It was a sinful place. The earth became immobile because of the burden of sin.<\/h3>\n

Question 25.
\nWhat was the declaration of Copernicus about the earth?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe Christian society believed that the earth was at the center of universe. But Copernicus rebutted this belief and told that the earth including all the other heavenly bodies rotate round the sun.<\/h3>\n

Question 26.
\nWhat was the concept of Humanism?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nHumanism laid stress on the importance of man and his sentiments rather than the religious views. The worldly problems of man should be solved first then men should think about God.<\/h3>\n

Question 27.
\nWho propounded the theory of earth as part of solar system?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nJohannes Kepler propounded this theory. Kepler in his Cosmographical Mystery demonstrated that the planets move around the sun not in circle but in ellipses.<\/h3>\n

Question 28.
\nWho was the leader of the Protestant Reformation Movement? What were its chief gospels?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nMartin Luther was the leader of the Protestant Reformation Movement. Its chief gospels were the following.
\nA person is not required to be priest in order to establish contact with God.
\nIt is faith that guides people to the right path and entry into Heaven that is salvation.<\/h3>\n

Question 29.
\nDefine \u2018Document of Indulgences\u2019.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe church issued \u2018Document of Indulgences\u2019. The church opined that these documents could free man from the burden of the sins that he had committed. By selling these documents, the church was earning money.<\/h3>\n

Question 30.
\nWhat virtues were equally necessary for both men and women as per Castiglione?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nAs per Castiglione, the following virtues were equally necessary for men and women.
\nTo shun affection
\nTo be naturally graceful
\nTo be naturally well mannered
\nTo be clever and prudent
\nTo be neither proud, envious nor evil tongued<\/h3>\n

Question 31.
\nWhich factors took Italian cities and courts beyond the world?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nFollowing factors took the cities and the courts of Italy beyond the world:
\nTrade and travel
\nMilitary conquests
\nDiplomatic contacts<\/h3>\n

Short Answer Type Questions<\/h3>\n

Question 1.
\nMention a few characteristics of Venice and Genoa cities.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nCharacteristics of Venice and Genoa cities:
\nThese were independent states.
\nBoth were different from the parts of the European cities.
\nBoth these cities were governed by an assistance from wealthy merchants and bankers.
\nIdeas of citizens sprout on surface in these cities.<\/h3>\n

Question 2.
\nWhich factors were responsible for the widening of European skills? (HOTS)<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nFollowing factors were responsible for the widening of European skills:
\nArchaeological discoveries
\nNew technologies of navigation
\nClassical consideration of Rome and Greece
\nExpansion of Islam and the Mongol conquests
\nOpportunity to learn from India, Arabia, Iran, Central Asia and China<\/h3>\n

Question 3.
\nDo you think that the Renaissance started a new age? (HOTS)<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nUndoubtedly, it can be said that the Renaissance started a new age. The reasons are as follows:
\nThe Renaissance broke the feudal bonds and established nation-states.
\nBefore the Renaissance period, the church was the supreme authority. People had complete faith in the authority of the church. But in the Renaissance period, rational thinking and logical thought were dominant.
\nIt brought about new ideologies in art and literature. Art and literature began to prosper and reached at its glory. Intellectuals and philosophers attacked on the social norms of the society through their writings. Many painters showed the evils of society through their paintings.<\/h3>\n

Question 4.
\nEnlist the names of women intellectually creative during the period of Renaissance in Europe.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe women like Cassandra Fedele and Isabella d\u2019Este were educated in Latin and Greek. Fedele proved that woman can also become a humanist scholar and requested every woman to acquire humanist education. She said, \u201cEven though the study of letters promises and offers no reward for women and no dignity, every woman ought to seek and embrace these studies\u201d. Her writings brought into focus the general regard for education in that age. Another lady Isabella d\u2019Este ruled the state while her husband was absent and the court of Mantua was famed for its intellectual brilliance. Women\u2019s writings revealed their conviction that they should have economic power, property and education to achieve an identity in the male dominated world.<\/h3>\n

Question 5.
\nWhy did the movement break out against the Catholic Church?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe movement broke out against the Catholic Church due to the following reasons:
\nThe Catholics were closely related with the king and power for many centuries.
\nThey preferred a life full of luxury.
\nTheir life was completely different from common man.
\nThe Catholics were regarded more as the representatives of king than God as they had the power of extracting taxes.
\nBecause of such powers, they became unscrupulous which finally led to revolt by common man.<\/h3>\n

Question 6.
\nWhich factors led to voyages discoveries?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nFollowing factors led to the voyages discoveries:
\nMotive of enslaving people
\nEncouragement to trade and commerce which led to earning money
\nDesire to earn name and fame<\/h3>\n

Question 7.
\nWhich factors indicate success of nation-states?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe following points indicate the success of nation-states:
\nIt brought an end to all forms of slavery.
\nNew ideas emerged.
\nThere was much progress in the field of agriculture, industry and trade.
\nIt was responsible for the establishment of constitutional form of government in many countries.
\nRise of educated people, i.e. intellectual middle class.<\/h3>\n

Question 8.
\nThe humanists made distinction between middle age and modern age. How?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe humanists opined that after the collapse of Roman empire, the dark age had begun. Later on, scholars followed them and assumed that a new age had begun in Europe from 14th century. After the fall of Roman empire, they used the term \u2018Middle Age\u2019 for one thousand years. They argued that the church had complete control over the people. The period of Modem age started from 15th century.<\/h3>\n

Question 9.
\nWhat was the view of Leon Batista Alberti on architect?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nAccording to Alberti, an architect was a professional who beautifully fixed or assembled the parts of architecture and amassed bodies by the varied skilled and unskilled persons. The same is used by mankind for shelter. His expertise in his work made them immortal.<\/h2>\n

Question 10.
\nWhat did William Tyndate say in favor of Protestantism?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nWilliam Tyndate said that clergy had forged the process, order and meaning of the ancient texts particularly because it was in Greek and Latin, not accessible to the common man. It was with a view to maintain their authority above the king and even above God himself. William Tyndate even intended to translate the Bible in mother tongue in order to lead the mass with real light.<\/h3>\n

Question 11.
\nWhat was the contribution of Galileo?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nIt was Galileo who established knowledge distinct from belief. Galileo told that knowledge is based on observation and experiment. He further told that scientific process is required to know the things in their real forms. He also told that beliefs are based on hearsay, myth, concoction and conjecture which is always untrue.<\/h3>\n

Question 12.
\nDiscuss the important changes that took place during Renaissance.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe important changes that took place during Renaissance was the separation of private and public spheres of life. According to this change, public sphere was meant by the area of Government and of formal religion while private sphere was confined to the family and personal religion. This way, a man was supposed not to be simply a member of one of the three orders but he was also a person in his own right. Later on it brought the sense of equal political rights to all individuals.<\/h3>\n

Question 13.
\nWrite a note on the following:
\n(i) Spirit of Inquiry
\n(ii) Spirit of Humanism<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nSpirit of Inquiry: It developed scientific ideas among the people and they abandoned the supersitious beliefs and rituals that sustained in the entire society. It paved way for new invention which changed the way of life.
\nSpirit of Humanism: It is also one of the significant features of Renaissance. Writers of this age gave top priority to matters relating to the life of men and laid emphasis on human welfare. Humanism supported freedom to individual and criticized the unjust restriction imposed on people by religion.<\/h3>\n

Question 14.
\nWhat was Counter Reformation Movement?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nCounter Reformation Movement came into being as a result of the Reformation movement. Many defects had come into Catholicism but the Roman Catholic Church did not pay heed to it. That is why this movement was spreading rapidly. According to the Counter Reformation, the Catholic Church tried to reform itself of some of its objectionable practices . For example, now the Bishops were appointed on the basis of ability.<\/h3>\n

Question 15.
\nItalian towns were the first to experience the ideas of humanism. Why?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nA large number of classics were composed by the Roman and Greek scholars. Due to lack of education, these books remained unread. But during thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, education spread in Italy. After the spread of education these books were translated. These books introduced humanistic views to the people of Italy. Subjects of humanism started to be taught in schools and colleges of Italy. Anthropology, natural science, astronomy, medicine and mathematics fell under the category of this subject. These were the reasons responsible for Italian towns to experience the ideas of humanism first.<\/h3>\n

Question 16.
\nWhat was the political system that emerged in nation-states?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nKing was the supreme authority. He was considered to be the representative of God on the earth. The king was free from the intervention of pope and the feudal lords. The powerful monarchies had strong courts of appeal. The courts could challenge and condemn the decisions of the feudal lords. The rich middle classes financed, supported and strengthened the king.<\/h3>\n

Question 17.
\nWhat were the effects of Glorious Revolution?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nGlorious Revolution occurred in England in 1688. Following were the effects of the Glorious Revolution:
\nIt ended the despotic rule of the Stuart King.
\nIt resulted in the formation of nation-state in England.
\nIt laid down the foundation of the independent judiciary.
\nIt established democracy.
\nIt marked the victory of Protestants.<\/h3>\n

Question 18.
\nNation-states marked a step forward in man\u2019s progress. Discuss.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nEmergence of nation-states established humanism. The nation-states also struck a death blow to the feudal system. These states led the people on their way to social, economic and political growth. They united the people belonging to a common culture. These states were able to promote the spirit of nationalism by releasing their people from the clutches of the Pope and the priests.<\/h4>\n

Question 19.
\nWrite the contributions of Leonardo-da-Vinci.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nLeonardo-da-Vinci was a great artist of Italy. He was very talented. Vinci was a poet, singer, painter, sculptor, philosopher, scientist and engineer. He knew many languages During Renaissance period , he painted many pictures. \u2018Mona Lisa\u2019 and \u2018The Last Supper\u2019 are his famous paintings. These paintings are still admired throughout the world.<\/h3>\n

Question 20.
\nDiscuss the underlying principles of presumptions constituting independent city states in Italy.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe government in those city states was of democratic type whereas government of Venice city was republican. Some others were court cities ruled by princess. Underlying principles of constituting these city-states can be summed up as under:
\nIt was an Institute of Commonwealth. It was the supreme authority of city-states through the Council.
\nThere was a Council constituted by members, all gentleman of the city who had attained the age of 25 years.<\/h3>\n

Long Answer Type Questions<\/h3>\n

Question 1.
\nDiscuss the different scientific aspects reflected in the works of sixteenth century Italian artists.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nFollowing facts reflect the different scientific aspects in the works of Italian artists:
\nAndreas Vesalius (1514-64), a Belgian and a professor of medicine at the university of Padua was the first to dissect human body. This was the beginning of modern physiology. The artists went to the laboratories and studied skeletons there. They started working once they learnt the body structure of human beings.
\nFragments of art discovered from the ruins of Roman Empire, became helpful to the Italian artists as perfectly proportioned men and women were sculpted there. On the basis of this study, one of the sculptors Donatello made life like statues in 1416.
\nLeonardo da Vinci was a painter and artist. He painted Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. His self-portrait is vibrant and catchy.
\nScientific taste in arts like sculptures naturally had to emerge life-like vibrancy in the artifacts.<\/h3>\n

Question 2.
\nWhat were the demerits of the nation-states?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe nation-states were established in the Renaissance period. These states were governed by a strong political ruler. These states used to keep themselves free from all kinds of interference, i.e. political or religious.
\nFollowing were the demerits of the nation-states:
\nAttitude of King: The king was the supreme authority. Being despotic, their self-interest was supreme. The Pope and feudal lords could not force them to work in the interests of the state and its people.
\nNational Interest: States became self-interested and individualistic after the creation of nation-states. International interests were ignored. An environment of animosity also appeared because of the clash of interests of different nation-states.
\nFeeling of Selfishness: There developed a feeling of selfishness among the people. This resulted in the feeling of hatred in the minds of people for other nation-states.<\/h3>\n

Question 3.
\nDescribe the changes brought by the Renaissance in the contemporary life of the people.<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nRenaissance brought the following changes in the contemporary life of the people:
\nOld age superstitions and social evils came to an end.
\nNew ideas and scientific beliefs began to gain much importance.
\nIt also laid emphasis on humanism.
\nPeople began to discard old values.
\nIt inspired the contemporary writers and philosophers.
\nMany universities were established to provide education.
\nEducation and knowledge began to spread quickly.<\/h3>\n

Question 4.
\nHow did the Italian culture revive after the fall of Western Roman empire?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThere were some changes that took place after the fall of Western Roman empire. These changes revived the culture of Italy. After the fall of Western Roman empire, political and cultural centres in Italy were destroyed. There was no unified government at that time. Italy was a weak and divided country. Pope was sovereign in his own state but not quite strong in European politics. Regions of Western Europe were reshaped by feudal relations. These regions were unified under the Latin church. The Byzantine empire brought changes in Eastern Europe. A common civilization was being created by Islam in the west.
\nThe above-mentioned changes were responsible for bringing about the revival of Italian culture.<\/h3>\n

Question 5.
\nThe seventeenth century Europeans witnessed the world as different. Explain. (HOTS)<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nEuropeans witnessed the world different due to the following reasons.
\nA distinct urban culture was developed. People living in towns started thinking as more civilized than rural people.
\nTowns started to grow in many European cities.
\nFlorence, Venice and Rome were the main towns which became centres of art and learning.
\nThe rich and aristocratic people patronized artists and writers.
\nInvention of printing press made books available to many people.
\nPeople began contrasting their modem world with the ancient one of the Greeks and Romans. This was the beginning of the development of a sense of history in Europe.<\/h3>\n

Question 6.
\nWhat were the causes of Renaissance in Western Europe?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nFollowing were the main causes of Renaissance in Western Europe:
\nThe Crusades : Many fanatic lords and barons died during the crusades. Besides this, people came in contact with the developed culture of the Arabs. The new ideas inspired them to think freely. They started learning about the superstitions and narrow mindedness which proved helpful in bringing Renaissance.
\nSpread of Islam : During the period of the Middle Ages, Islam spread rapidly. Constantinople was conquered by Turks in 1493.This resulted in the fleeing of most of the Christians from Constantinople to Italy and some other places. They spread among the people the spirit of reasoning and free thinking. All these led to the Renaissance.
\nEmergence of cities and towns : Growth of free cities took place due to the decline of feudalism. In these cities, trade, commerce and industry grew quite rapidly. The trading class became rich. They did some welfare works also. They set up many schools and colleges.<\/h3>\n

Question 7.
\nWhat were the main characteristics of Renaissance?<\/h2>\n

Answer:
\nThe meaning of Renaissance is rebirth. Renaissance resulted in coming out of nation-states out of darkness of medieval ages. Because of Renaissance, these nation-states saw the light of modern era. Men became rational and scientific in their approach. New ideas and style came into prominence.
\nThe main characteristics of Renaissance are as follows:
\nCities of Italy emerged as the first centre of the Renaissance.
\nArchitecture and literature developed.
\nA new style came into prominence.
\nNew towns came into existence.
\nHumanism, free thinking and reasoning emerged.
\nMen became rational and scientific in their approach.<\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Class 11 History NCERT book solutions for Chapter 7 – Changing Cultural Traditions Questions and Answers.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21830,"featured_media":119989,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-120063","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-education"},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/120063","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/21830"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=120063"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/120063\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":120064,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/120063\/revisions\/120064"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/119989"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=120063"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=120063"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mapsofindia.com\/my-india\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=120063"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}