The flu, or influenza, is a highly infectious viral disease that impacts the respiratory system. It is induced by influenza viruses, which are transmitted through the air when an affected individual coughs or sneezes. Touching infected objects and contacting one’s nose or mouth can spread the virus.
Symptoms of Influenza
Symptoms of influenza typically include,
- Headache
- Fever
- Chills
- Sore throat
- Cough
- Runny or stuffy nose
- Muscle
These symptoms can range from mild to severe; in some cases, complications can develop, such as pneumonia, ear infections, and worsening of underlying medical conditions.
Types of Influenza
Influenza viruses are classified into three types: Influenza A, Influenza B, and Influenza C. Seasonal flu epidemics are caused by influenza A and B viruses, but influenza C is less prevalent and often induces mild respiratory disease.
Influenza A virus is further categorised into subtypes depending on two proteins found on its surface: neuraminidase (N) and hemagglutinin (H). There are 18 identified H subtypes and 11 identified N subtypes, which can mix in various ways to form new viral strains. Influenza: When new strains of viruses arise to which humans have little or no protection, pandemics are known to occur.
There are two influenza B viral groups: B/Yamagata and B/Victoria. Both lineages can spread within a single season, although one generally outnumbers the other. Both lineages are included in the vaccination to provide further protection. Influenza viruses undergo frequent changes called antigenic drift and antigenic shift, making it challenging to develop effective vaccines. Antigenic drift involves small genetic changes that accumulate over time, while antigenic shift occurs when two or more virus strains combine to create a new strain to which humans have little immunity. Regular surveillance of influenza viruses is conducted to monitor for new strains and inform the development of vaccines.
Treatment of Influenza
Treatment for influenza (the flu) typically involves a combination of rest, fluids, and medications to alleviate symptoms and reduce the risk of complications. Here are some common ways to treat influenza:
- Fluids: Staying hydrated by drinking plenty of water, clear soups, and other fluids can help prevent dehydration and alleviate symptoms.
- Over-the-counter medications: Over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and naproxen can help to reduce fever and relieve pain and discomfort. Decongestants and cough suppressants can help to ease congestion and coughing.
- Antiviral medications: To minimise the intensity and duration of the disease, antiviral drugs such as oseltamivir or zanamivir may be recommended in some patients. These drugs are most effective when used early in the illness’s progression.
- Home remedies: Several home remedies may help to alleviate symptoms of the flu, such as drinking warm liquids, using a humidifier, and gargling with salt water.
- Complications: In some cases, the flu can lead to complications such as pneumonia, ear infections, and worsening underlying medical conditions. If you experience shortness of breath, chest pain, or confusion, seek medical attention immediately.
