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Chapter 1 – The Solid State Questions and Answers: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry
Class 12 Chemistry chapter 1 - The Solid State - Questions and Answers of NCERT Book Solutions.
1.1. Why are solids rigid?
Ans: The constituent particles in solids have fixed positions and can oscillate about their mean positions. Hence, they are rigid.
1.2. Why do solids have definite volume?
Ans: Solids keep their volume because of rigidity in their structure. The interparticle forces are very strong. Moreover, the interparticle spaces are very few and small as well. As a result, their volumes cannot change by applying pressure.
1.3. Classify the following as amorphous or crystalline solids: Polyurethane, naphthalene, benzoic acid, Teflon, potassium nitrate, cellophane, polyvinyl chloride, fibreglass, copper
Ans: Crystalline solids: Benzoic acid, potassium nitrate, copper Amorphous solids: Polyurethane, Teflon, cellophane, polyvinyl chloride, fibreglass
1.4. Why is glass considered as super cooled liquid ?
Ans: Glass is considered to be super cooled liquid because it shows some of the characteristics of liquids, though it is an amorphous solid. For example, it is slightly thicker at the bottom. This can be possible only if it has flown like liquid, though very slowly.
1.5. Refractive index of a solid is observed to have the same value along all directions. Comment on the nature of this solid. Would it show cleavage property?
Ans: As the solid has same value of refractive index along all directions, it is isotropic in nature and hence amorphous. Being amorphous solid, it will not show a clean cleavage and when cut, it will break into pieces with irregular surfaces.
1.6. Classify the following solids in different categories based on the nature of the intermolecular forces: sodium sulphate, copper, benzene, urea, ammonia, water, zinc sulphide, diamond, rubedium, argon, silicon carbide.
Ans: Ionic, metallic, molecular, molecular, molecular (hydrogen-bonded), molecular (hydrogen-bonded), ionic, covalent, metallic, molecular, covalent (network).
1.7. Solid A is a very hard electrical insulator in. solid as well as in molten state and melts at extremely high temperature. What type of solid is it?
Ans: It is a covalent or network solid.
1.8. Why are ionic solids conducting in the molten state and not in the solid-state?
Ans: In the ionic solids, the electrical conductivity is due to the movement of the ions. Since the ionic mobility is negligible in the solid state, these are non-conducting in this state. Upon melting, the ions present acquire some mobility. Therefore, the ionic solids become conducting
1.9. What type of solids are electrical conductors, malleable and ductile?
Ans: Metallic solids
1.10. Give the significance of a lattice point.
Ans: The lattice point denotes the position of a particular constituent in the crystal lattice. It may be atom, ion or a molecule. The arrangement of the lattice points in space is responsible for the shape of a particular crystalline solid.
1.11. Name the parameters that characterise a unit cell.
Ans: A unit cell is characterised by the following parameters:
(i)the dimensions of unit cell along three edges: a, b and c.
(ii)the angles between the edges: α (between b and c); β (between a and c) and γ (between a and b)
1.12. Distinguish between :
(i) Hexagonal and monoclinic unit cells
(ii) Face-centred and end-centred unit cells.
Ans:
(i) In a hexagonal unit cell :
a = b # c; α = β = 90° and γ = 120°
In a monoclinic unit cell :
a # b # c and α = γ = 90° and β # 90°
(ii) In a face-centeredunit cell, constituent particles are located at all the corners as well as at the centres of all the faces.Inend-centeredunit cell, constituent particles are located at all the corners as well as at the centres of two opposite faces.
1.13. Explain how many portions of an atom located at
(i)corner and (ii)body centre of a cubic unit cell is part of its neighbouring unit cell.
Ans: (i) An atom at the comer is shared by eight adjacent unit cells. Hence, portion of the atom at the comer that belongs to one unitcell=1/8.
(ii)An atom at the body centre is not shared by any other unit cell. Hence, it belongs fully to unit cell
1.14. What is the two-dimensional coordination number of a molecule in a square close-packed layer?
Ans: In the two-dimensional square close-packed layer, a particular molecule is in contact with four molecules. Hence, the coordination number of the molecule is four.
1.15. A compound forms hexagonal close-packed. structure. What is the total number of voids in 0. 5 mol of it? How many of these are tetrahedral voids?
Ans:
No. of atoms in close packings 0.5 mol =0.5 x 6.022 x 1023 =3.011 x 1023
No. of octahedral voids = No. of atoms in packing =3.011 x 1023
No. of tetrahedral voids = 2 x No. of atoms in packing
= 2 x 3.011 x 1023 = 6.022 x 1023
Total no. of voids = 3.011 x 1023 + 6.022 x 1023
= 9.033 x 1023
1.16. A compound is formed by two elements M and N. The element N forms ccp and atoms of the element M occupy 1/3 of the tetrahedral voids. What is the formula of the compound?
Ans: Let us suppose that,
the no. of atoms of N present in ccp = x
Since 1/3rd of the tetrahedral voids are occupied by the atoms of M, therefore,
the no. of tetrahedral voids occupied = 2x/3
The ratio of atoms of N and M in the compound = x : 2x/3 or 3 : 2
∴ The formula of the compound = N3M2 or M2N3
1.17. Wh ich of the following lattices has the highest packing efficiency (i) simple cubic (ii) body-centered cubic and (iii) hexagonal close-packed lattice?
Ans: Packing efficiency of:
Simple cubic = 52.4% bcc = 68% hcp = 74%
hcp lattice has the highest packing efficiency.
1.18. An element with molar mass 2:7 x 10-2kg mol-1 forms a cubic unit cell with edge length 405 pm. If its density is 2:7 x 103 kg m-3, what is the nature of the cubic unit cell ?
Ans:
Since there are four atoms per unit cell, the cubic unit cell must be face centred (fcc) or cubic close packed (ccp).
1.19. What type of defect can arise when a solid is heated? Which physical property is affected by it and in what way?
Ans: When a solid is heated, vacancy defect is produced in the crystal. On heating, some atoms or ions leave the lattice site completely, i.e., lattice sites become vacant. As a result-of this defect, density of the substances decreases.
1.20. What types of stoichiometric defects are shown by
(i) ZnS
(ii) AgBr?
Ans:
(i) ZnS crystals may show Frenkel defects since the cationic size is smaller as compared to anionic size.
(ii) AgBr crystals may show both Frenkel and Schottky defects.
1.21. Explain how vacancies are introduced in an ionic solid when a cation of higher valence is added as an impurity in it.
Ans: Let us take an example NaCl doped with SrCl, impurity when SrCl2 is added to NaCl solid as an impurity, two Na+ ions will be replaced and one of their sites will be occupied by Sr21- while the other will remain vacant. Thus, we can say that when a cation of higher valence is added as an impurity to an ionic solid, two or more cations of lower valency are replaced by a cation of higher valency to maintain electrical neutrality. Hence, some cationic vacancies are created.
1.22. Ionic solids, which have anionic vacancies due to metal excess defect, develop colour. Explain with the help of a suitable example.
Ans: Let us take an example of NaCl. When NaCl crystal is heated in presence of Na vapour, some Cl–ions leave their lattice sites to combine with Na to form NaCl. The e-1 s lost by Na to form Na+ (Na+ + Cl–—> NaCl) then diffuse into the crystal to occupy the anion vacancies. These sites are called F-centres. These e-s absorb energy from visible light, get excited to higher energy level and when they fall back to ground state, they impart yellow colour to NaCl crystal.
1.23. A group 14 element is to be converted into n-type semiconductor by doping it with a suitable impurity. To which group should this impurity belong?
Ans: Impurity from group 15 should be added to get n-type semiconductor.
1.24. What type of substances would make better permanent magnets, ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic. Justify your answer.
Ans: Ferromagnetic substances make better permanent magnets. This is because when placed in magnetic field, their domains get oriented in the directions of magnetic field and a strong magnetic field is produced. This ordering of domains persists even when external magnetic field is removed. Hence, the ferromagnetic substance becomes a permanent magnet.
Last Updated on: Feb 23, 2024
